SETTING UP COMPUTER

NETWORKS
INSTALL NETWORK CABLES
OSI MODEL
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
The Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model describes seven layers
that computer systems use to
communicate over a network. It was
the first standard model for network
communications, adopted by all major
computer and telecommunication
companies in the early 1980s
OSI MODEL
Application Layer – End user layer
The application layer is used by end-user software such as web
browsers and email clients. It provides protocols that allow software to
send and receive information and present meaningful data to users.

Example:

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FRP), Post

Office Protocol (POP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), and
Domain Name System (DNS).
OSI MODEL
PRESENTATION LAYER – Syntax Layer
The presentation layer prepares data for the application layer. It
defines how two devices should encode, encrypt, and compress data
so it is received correctly on the other end.

Example:

HSSL, SSH, Imap, FTP, MPEG, JPEG, SSL

OSI MODEL
SESSION LAYER – Sync & Send to port
The session layer creates communication channels, called sessions,
between devices. It is responsible for opening sessions, ensuring they
remain open and functional while data is being transferred, and closing
them when communication ends.

Example:

API
OSI MODEL
TRANSPORT LAYER – End to End Connections
The transport layer takes data transferred in the session layer and
breaks it into “segments” on the transmitting end. It is responsible for
reassembling the segments on the receiving end, turning it back into
data that can be used by the session layer.

Example:

TCP, LDP
OSI MODEL
NETWORK LAYER
The network layer routes data packets between different networks. It
addresses, forwards, and routes data across various network
segments. The IP (Internet Protocol) operates at this layer.

Example:

IP, ICMP, IPSEC, IGMP

OSI MODEL
DATA LAYER LAYER
The data link layer establishes and terminates a connection between
two physically-connected nodes on a network. It breaks up packets into
frames and sends them from source to destination.

Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer: This layer handles flow control and
error checking

Media Access Control (MAC) sublayer: This layer deals with addressing
and access to the physical medium.
Example:

ETHERNET, PPP, SWITCH, BRIDGE

OSI MODEL
PHYSICAL LAYER
This is the lowest layer of the OSI model. On this layer, the raw bits are
transmitted physically over copper cables, fiber optics, and wireless
signals. Characteristics such as voltage levels, cable specifications, data
rates, and physical connectors are defined on this layer.

Example:

Coax, Fiber, Wireless, Hubs, Repeaters

Tools necessary for
Ethernet cable
installation
TOOLS
• UTP/STP
• CRIMPING TOOL
• RJ45
• WIRE STRIPER
• CABLE TESTER
T568A/B CABLES
Crimping an Ethernet cable
Step 1: Strip the cable jacket about 1.5 inch down
from the end.
Crimping an Ethernet cable
Step 2: Spread the four pairs of twisted wire apart.
For Cat 5e, you can use the pull string to strip the
jacket farther down if you need to, then cut the pull
string. Cat 6 cables have a spine that will also need
to be cut.
Crimping an Ethernet cable
Step 3: Untwist the wire pairs and neatly align them in the
T568B orientation. Be sure not to untwist them any farther
down the cable than where the jacket begins; we want to
leave as much of the cable twisted as possible.
Crimping an Ethernet cable
• Step 4: Cut the wires as straight as possible, about 0.5
inch above the end of the jacket.
• Step 5: Carefully insert the wires all the way into the
modular connector, making sure that each wire passes
through the appropriate guides inside the connector.
Crimping an Ethernet cable
• Step 6: Push the connector inside the crimping
tool and squeeze the crimper all the way down.
Crimping an Ethernet cable
• Step 7: Repeat steps 1-6 for the other end of the cable.
• Step 8: To make sure you've successfully terminated each
end of the cable, use a cable tester to test each pin.
Crimping an Ethernet cable
• When you're all done, the connectors should look
like this:
TYPES OF NETWORK
DEVICES
Types of network devices
HUB
Hubs connect multiple computer
networking devices together. A hub also
acts as a repeater in that it amplifies
signals that deteriorate after traveling long
distances over connecting cables.

SWITCH
Switches facilitate the sharing of resources
by connecting together all the devices,
including computers, printers, and
servers, in a network.
Types of network devices
ROUTER
Just as a switch connects multiple devices
to create a network, a router connects
multiple switches, and their respective
networks, to form an even larger network.

BRIDGE
A bridge in a computer network is a device
used to connect multiple LANs together
with a larger Local Area Network (LAN).
The mechanism of network aggregation is
known as bridging.
Types of network devices
REPEATER
A repeater is an electronic device that amplifies
the signal it receives.

MODEM
Modems (modulators-demodulators) are used
to transmit digital signals over analog
telephone lines. Thus, digital signals are
converted by the modem into analog signals of
different frequencies and transmitted to a
modem at the receiving location.
TYPES OF NETWORK
NETWORK
Network of
• Social Network
• Neural Network
• Transportation
• Economic
Computer Network
• A set of interconnected computers and devices
that can communicate with each other. The
primary purpose of a computer network is to
enable the exchange of data and resources
among connected devices
TYPES OF NETWORK
PERSONAL AREA NETWORK
(PAN) PROS AND CONS
The most basic form of computer • PAN networks are reasonably
network is a PAN. This network is safe and secure.
limited to a single person, which
means that communication • It only provides a short-range
between computer devices is solution of up to 10 meters
limited to an individual’s work
• Strictly confined to a small
environment.
specific area
• There are distance restrictions.
TYPES OF NETWORK
LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN) PROS AND CONS
A LAN connects a group of computers • Data from all network users can
or devices together across a local area. be kept on the server computer’s
single hard disk.
• Local area networks can be used
to share computer resources
• Unauthorized users can gain
access to an organization’s
important data
• Because the LAN administrator
has access to every LAN user’s
personal files, it does not provide
enough privacy.
TYPES OF NETWORK
WIDE AREA NETWORK(WAN) PROS AND CONS
Like LANs, you very well may • It can cover a wide geographic
recognize the term “WAN.” WANs do area
the same thing as LANs but across a
larger area while connecting more • Data is centralized
devices.
• Security issue
• Trouble shooting issues
TYPES OF NETWORK
WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORK
(WLAN)
A WLAN is simply a LAN that does not
rely on cables to connect to the
network. So, when you’re using WiFi,
you’re using a WLAN.
TYPES OF NETWORK
METROPOLITAN ARE NETWORK
(MAN) PROS AND CONS
It connects multiple LANs together • It offers good support for a large
and spans an entire geographical area network and increased access to
such as a city or town (or sometimes a WANs.
campus).
• It enables rapid communication
by utilizing high-speed carriers
such as fiber optic cables.
• More cable is required to make a
MAN connection from one
location to another.
• It is difficult to safeguard a MAN
network against hackers.
TYPES OF NETWORK
STORAGE ARE NETWORK (SAN)
Like LANs, you very well may
recognize the term “WAN.” WANs do
the same thing as LANs but across a
larger area while connecting more
devices.
TYPES OF NETWORK
VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK (VPN)
The point of a VPN is to increase
security and privacy while accessing a
network. The VPN acts as a middleman
between you and the network by
encrypting your data and hiding your
identity.
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
AND ITS TYPES
TWO MAIN TYPES OF TOPOLOGY
PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY
A physical topology describes the way in which the computers or nodes are connected
with each other in a computer network. It is the arrangement of various elements(link,
nodes, etc.), including the device location and code installation of a computer network.

LOGICAL TOPOLOGY
A logical topology describes the way, data flow from one computer to another. It is
bound to a network protocol and defines how data is moved throughout the network
and which path it takes.
Six types of physical
network topology
BUS TOPOLOGY PROS AND CONS
Bus topology is the simplest kind • It works well when you have a small
of topology in which a common network
bus or channel is used for
• Easiest network topology
communication in the network.
Data is transmitted along the bus, • Requires less cable length
and each device reads the data but
only processes information • Difficult to identify problems
intended for it.
• Not great for large networks
• If a main cable is damaged, the
network fails or splits into two
Six types of physical
network topology
RING TOPOLOGY PROS AND CONS
each computer is connected to • All data flows in one direction,
exactly two other computers to reducing the chance of packet
form the ring. he main advantage collisions.
is simplicity, but the failure of one
device or connection can disrupt • Data can transfer between
the entire network. workstations at high speeds.
• All data being transferred over the
network must pass through each
workstation on the network
• The entire network will be impacted
if one workstation shuts down.
Six types of physical
network topology
STAR TOPOLOGY PROS AND CONS
connected to a centralized hub. • Centralized control
The central hub facilitates
communication between devices, • Easy to troubleshoot
and if one device fails, it doesn't
• If a node fails, it will not affect other
impact the rest of the network.
nodes.
• If the central device fails, the
network will fail.
• The number of devices in the
network is limited
Six types of physical
network topology
MESH TOPOLOGY TWO TYPES OF MESH
Mesh topology is a computer • FULL MESH : In which each
network topology in which nodes node is connected to every other
are interconnected with each node in the network.
other.
• Partial Mesh: In which, some
nodes are not connected to
every node in the network.
Six types of physical
network topology
TREE TOPOLOGY PROS AND CONS
All the nodes are directly or • Large distance network coverage.
indirectly connected to the main
bus cable. • A Large number of nodes can be
connected directly or indirectly.
• Failure at higher levels of the hierarchy
can affect a large portion of the network.
Six types of physical
network topology
HYBRID TOPOLOGY PROS AND CONS
a combination of two or more • It can handle a large volume of
topologies. In practical use, they nodes.
are the most widely used. It aims
to leverage the strengths of • It provides flexibility to modify the
different topologies to create a network according to our needs.
more robust and flexible network.
• Very Reliable
• Complex design.
• Complex design.
• Multi-Station Access Unit(MSAL)
required.
Quiz
1. Is a computer topology which is a combination of two or more topologies
2. Is a computer network topology in which all the nodes are directly or
indirectly connected to the main bus cable.
3. Is a computer network topology in which nodes are interconnected with each
other.
4. is a computer network topology in which all the nodes are connected to a
centralized hub.
5. is a topology in which each computer is connected to exactly two other
computers to form the ring.
6. is the simplest kind of topology in which a common channel is used for
communication in the network.
Quiz
7-13: What are the 7 types of network?