1 Introduction to Object-Oriented

• OO Programming (procedural V.S. OO)

• Basic concepts of OO
OO Programming
 Designing Programs
Software Development – Solving Problem
Place Order
Inventory
Problem
Shipping Space
Descriptions of problem Business Process
(Human: Requirements) Natural Language

A Gap between languages

Descriptions of solution (Human: Programming Language

Designing Program )
Execution of program Solution
Computer System Space
 Software Development – Solving Problem
Place Order
Inventory Problem
Shipping Space
Descriptions of problem
(Human: Requirements) Business Process Natural Language
A Gap between languages
Programming Language
Descriptions of solution (Human:High-Level Language (Object-Oriented) e.g. C++ Java
Designing Programs)
High-Level Language (Procedural) e.g. C, BASIC
Assembly Language
Machine Language

Execution of program Solution

Computer System Space
 Procedural Programming
• This programming paradigm is essentially an abstraction
of machine /assembly language.
• Program is organized around procedures.
• Focus on data structures, algorithms and sequencing of
steps
Programs = Algorithm + Data Structure
An algorithm is a set of A data structure is a construct
instructions for solving a used to organize data in a specific
problem way.

Most computer languages, from early examples like FORTRAN and

ALGOL to more recent languages like C and Ada, have been imperative
or procedural.
 Procedural Programming - Example
• Writing a program to handle bank accounts
– Customer can open different type of accounts, such as
cash account, check account and Loan account.
– For each account, customer can deposit, withdraw or
transfer.
• How to write this program with C ?
 Procedural Programming - Example
Programs = Algorithm + Data Structure
Struct account {
char name; Procedure 1: Deposit() {...}
Data Structure: int accountId;
float balance; Procedure 1: Withdraw() {...}
Bank Account
float interestYTD;
char accountType; Procedure 1: Transfer() {...}
};

• A procedural programming language usually consists of :

– A collection of variables, each of which at any stage contains a certain
value (a number, a character, a string of characters, etc)
– A collection of statements that change the values of these variables.
• The building-block of this type program is the procedure or
function.
 Procedural Programming - Disadvantages
• Procedures and data are clearly separated.
• Transformation of concepts between analysis &
implementation.
• Design models are a long step from implementation.
• Procedures are often hard to reuse.
• Programs are often hard to extend and maintain.

Data Procedure Analysis Design

a gap a gap

NJ NY NJ NY
Hudson river Hudson river
 Object-Oriented Programming: OOP
• A design and programming technique
• Some terminology:
– object - usually a person, place or thing (a noun)
– method - an action performed by an object (a verb)
– type or class - a category of similar objects (such as
automobiles)
• Objects have both data and methods
• Objects of the same class have the same data
elements and methods
• Objects send and receive messages to invoke
actions
 Object-Oriented Programming - Example

• Writing a program to handle bank accounts

– Customer can open different type of accounts, such
as cash account, check account and Loan account.
– For each account, customer can deposit, withdraw
or transfer.
• How to write this program with C++ or Java ?
 Object-Oriented Programming - Example
• Object-Oriented approach
– combine the accounts (data) with the operations on
the accounts to objects.
– A new kind of data type: Bank Account class
• C++ code:
Class BankAccount {
private:
float balance;
float interestYTD;char * owner;
int account_number;
public:
void Deposit (float amount) {...}
float WithDraw (float amount) {…}
bool Transfer (BankAccount & to, float amount) {…}
};
Object-Oriented Programming - Example
• The building-block of this type program is
class or objects.
BankAccount
balance : float
interestYTD : float
owner : char
account_number : int

MakeDeposit(amount : float) : void

WithDraw(amount : float) : float
Transfer(to : BankAccount, amount : float) : bool
 Example - The Shape Application
• We have an application that must be able to draw
circles and squares on a standard GUI
• The circles and squares must be drawn in a
particular order.
• A list of the circles and squares will be created in
the appropriate order, and the program must walk
the list in that order and draw each circle or square.
Example - Procedural Programming in C
• Data Structure
---Shape.h --------------------------------------------
Enum Shape {circle, square};
struct Shape {
ShapeType itsType;
};
---Circle.h --------------------------------------------
struct Circle {
Shape itsType;
double itsRadius;
Point itsCenter;
};
---square.h -------------------------------------------
struct Square {
Shape itsType;
double itsSide;
Point itsTopLeft;
};
 Example - Procedural Programming in C
• Function
---drawAllShapes.c --------------------------------------------
typedef struct Shape *ShapePointer;

Void DrawAllShapes (ShapePointer list[], int n) {

int I;
for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
struct Shape* s = list[i];
switch (s->itsType) {
case square:
DrawSquare((struct Square*)s);
break;
case circle:
DrawCircle((struct Circle*)s);
break;
}
}
}
Example - Procedural Programming in C
• Problems
– Rigid: because the addition of Triangle causes
Shape,Square,Circle, and DrawAllShapes to be
recompiled and redeployed.
– Fragile: because there will be many other
switch/case or if/else statements that are both hard to
find and hard to decipher.
– Immobile: because anyone attempting to reuse
DrawAllShapes in another program is required to
bring along Square and Circle, even if that new
program does not need them.
Example – Object-Oriented Programming in
C++
class Shape {
public: It is changed by adding new code
virtural void Draw() const= 0;
rather than by changing existing
};
class Square : public Shape { code.
public:
virtual void Draw() const;
};
class Circle : public Shape {
public: Not rigid
virtual void Draw() const; Not Fragile
}; Not Immobile

void DrawAllShapes(vector <Shape*>& list) {

vector<Shape*> :: iterator I;
for (i = list.begin(); i != list.end(); i++)
(*i)->Draw();
}
 Example - Object-Oriented Programming in
•
C++
Now, the requirement is changed:
All Circles should be drawn before any Squares
• In previous solution, The DrawAllSquares function is not
closed against this change.
• How can we close the DrawAllShapes function against
changes in the ordering of drawing?
– Using Abstraction.
– Using a “Data-Driven” Approach
– …..
 What Is Object Technology?
• Object Technology
– A set of principles guiding
software construction
together with languages,
databases, and other tools
that support those principles.

(Object Technology - A
Manager’s Guide, Taylor,
1997)
 The History of Object Technology
• Major object technology milestones

Simula C ++ The UML

1967 Late 1980s 1996

1972 1991 2000+

Smalltalk Java ???

 Strengths of Object Technology
• A single paradigm
– A single language used by users, analysts,
designers, and implementers
• Facilitates architectural and code reuse
• Models more closely reflect the real world
– More accurately describes corporate entities
– Decomposed based on natural partitioning
– Easier to understand and maintain
• Stability
– A small change in requirements does not mean
massive changes in the system under development
• Adaptive to change
Basic concepts of OO
 Basic Concepts of Object Orientation
• Object
• Class
• Message
• Basic Principles of Object Orientation
• Abstraction
• Encapsulation
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism
• Interface and Abstract Class
 What Is an Object?
• Informally, an object represents an entity, either
physical, conceptual, or software.

– Physical entity
Truck

– Conceptual entity
Chemical
Process

– Software entity
Linked List
 A More Formal Definition
• An object is an entity with Attributes

a well-defined boundary
and identity that
encapsulates state and
behavior.
– State is represented by
attributes and relationships.
– Behavior is represented by
operations, methods, and
Object
state machines.
Operations
 An Object Has State
• The state of an object is one of the possible
conditions in which an object may exist.
• The state of an object normally changes over
time.

Name: J Clark
Employee ID: 567138
HireDate: 07/25/1991
Professor Clark Status: Tenured
Discipline: Finance
MaxLoad: 3
Name: J Clark
Employee ID: 567138
Date Hired: July 25, 1991
Status: Tenured
Discipline: Finance
Maximum Course Load: 3 classes Professor Clark
 An Object Has Behavior
• Behavior determines how an object acts and reacts.
• The visible behavior of an object is modeled by the
set of messages it can respond to (operations the
object can perform).
Ac
ce
ptC
ou

()
r se

s
de
Of

ra
fer

alG
ing

in
( )

itF
bm
Su
Professor Clark
Se
tM
ax
Lo
a d(
Professor Clark’s behavior )

Submit Final Grades

Accept Course Offering TakeSabbatical()
Take Sabbatical
Maximum Course Load: 3 classes Professor Clark
 An Object Has Identity
• Each object has a unique identity, even if the state
is identical to that of another object.

Professor “J Clark” teaches Professor “J Clark” teaches

Biology Biology
 Objects Need to Collaborate

• Objects are useless unless they can collaborate

together to solve a problem.
– Each object is responsible for its own behavior and
status.
– No one object can carry out every responsibility on
its own.
• How do objects interact with each other?
– They interact through messages.
 What Is a Class?
• A class is a description of a set of objects that share the
same properties and behavior.
– An object is an instance of a class.

Class: Professor
Professor
- name

Objects - employeeID : UniqueId

- hireDate
Attributes - status
- discipline
- maxLoad
Professor Smith + submitFinalGrade()
+ acceptCourseOffering()
+ setMaxLoad()
+ takeSabbatical()
Professor Mellon

Professor Jones
Operations
 A Sample Class
Class: Automobile
Data Items: Methods:
– manufacturer’s name – Define data items
– model name (specify
– year made manufacturer’s name,
model, year, etc.)
– color
– Change a data item
– number of doors
(color, engine, etc.)
– size of engine
– Display data items
– etc.
– Calculate cost
– etc.
 The Relationship Between Classes and
Objects
• A class is an abstract definition of an object.
– It defines the structure and behavior of each object in the class.
– It serves as a template for creating objects
• Objects are grouped into classes.
• An object is an instance of a class.
From Real World Class: Professor
Professor Jones Professor Smith abstracting Professor

Objects - name
- employeeID : UniqueId
- hireDate
- status
- discipline
Professor Mellon - maxLoad

instancing + submitFinalGrade()
J Clark : Objects + acceptCourseOffering()
+ setMaxLoad()
Professor
To computer World + takeSabbatical()
 What Is an Attribute?
• An attribute is a named property of a class that
describes a range of values instances of the
property may hold.
– A class may have any number of attributes or no attributes at
all.

Student
- name
- address
Attributes
- studentID
- dateOfBirth
Attributes in Classes and Objects

Class name: M. Modano

address: 123 Main
studentID: 9
dateofBirth: 03/10/1967

Student Objects
- name
- address
- studentID
- dateOfBirth
name: D. Hatcher
address: 456 Oak
studentID: 2
dateofBirth: 12/11/1969
 What Is an Operation?
• An operation is the implementation of a service
that can be requested from any object of the
class to affect behavior.
• A class may have any number of operations or
none at all.
Student

+ get tuition()
+ add schedule()
Operations + get schedule()
+ delete schedule()
+ has pre-requisites()
 Example: class Professor
class Professor {
private String name;
private int age; Professor
private String speciality;
- name : String
public Professor (String sm, int ia,
- age : int
String ss) {
name = sm; - speciality : String
age = ia;
speciality = sst; +getName() : String
} +getAge() : int
public String getName () { return +getSpeciality() : String
name;}
public int getAge () { return age;}
public String getSpeciality () {
return speciality;}
}
Example : Instance of Professor
wang : Professor

name = “wang”
age = 35
speciality = “computer”

Professor wang = new Professor (“wang”, 35,

“computer”);
 What is a message?
 A specification of a communication between objects that
conveys information with the expectation that activity will
ensue
One object asks another object to perform an operation.

What is your name?

Professor wang

wang.getName()
 Example: Object Interaction
• The OrderEntryForm wants Order to calculate the
total dollar value for the order.

()
ta l
rTo
e
calculateOrderTotal()

rd
te O
la
lcu
orderID

Ca
date
salesTotal
tax
shipDate

Message

OrderEntryForm Order

The class Order has the responsibility to calculate the total dollar value.
Basic Principles of Object Orientation

Object Orientation

Polymorphism
Encapsulation

Inheritance
Abstraction
 What Is Abstraction?
 Abstraction can be defined as:
 Any model that includes the most important, essential, or
distinguishing aspects of something while suppressing or
ignoring less important, immaterial, or diversionary details.
The result of removing distinctions so as to emphasize
commonalties.
(Dictionary of Object Technology, Firesmith, Eykholt, 1995)
 Abstraction
Emphasizes relevant characteristics.
Suppresses other characteristics.
BriefCase
- Capacity
- Weight
+ open()
+ close()
 Example: Abstraction

Student Professor

Course Offering (9:00 AM,

Monday-Wednesday-Friday) Course (e.g. Algebra)
 What Is Encapsulation?
• Encapsulation means to design, produce, and describe
software so that it can be easily used without knowing
the details of how it works.
• Also known as information hiding

An analogy:
• When you drive a car, you don’t have know the details
of how many cylinders the engine has or how the
gasoline and air are mixed and ignited.
• Instead you only have to know how to use the
controls.
 What Is Encapsulation?
Hide implemmentation from clients
 clients depend on interface

Improves Resiliency
 Encapsulation Illustrated
Professor Clark
• Professor Clark
needs to be able to Ac
ce
ptC
teach four classes in

s ()
ou

de
rs e

ra
Of

lG
the next semester. fer

ina
ing

itF
Name: J Clark

bm
Employee ID: 567138 ()

Su
HireDate: 07/25/1991
Status: Tenured
Discipline: Finance
Se MaxLoad:4
SetMaxLoad(4) tM
ax
Lo
ad
( )
TakeSabbatical()
 Encapsulation –
Information/Implementation hiding
Information which can’t be
accessed by client
Balance
Interface insterestYTD
Owner
Client Deposit() Account_number
Withdraw()
Transfer() Deposit() {…}
Withdraw() {…}
Transfer() {…}

Implementation details which

are invisible for client.
 What Is Inheritance ?

• Inheritance —a way of organizing classes

• Term comes from inheritance of traits like eye
color, hair color, and so on.
• Classes with properties in common can be
grouped so that their common properties are
only defined once.
• Is an “is a kind of” relationship
 An Inheritance Hierarchy
Vehicle

Automobile Motorcycle Bus

Sedan Sports Car School Bus Luxury Bus

What properties does each vehicle inherit from the types of vehicles
above it in the diagram?
 Example: Single Inheritance
• One class inherits from another.
Ancestor
Account
- balance
Superclass - name
- number
(parent)
+ withdraw()
+ createStatement()

Inheritance
Relationship

Savings Checking
Subclasses

Descendents
 Example: Multiple Inheritance
• A class can inherit from several other classes.

FlyingThing Animal

Multiple Inheritance

Airplane Helicopter Bird Wolf Horse

Use multiple inheritance only when needed and

always with caution!
 Polymorphism
• Polymorphism—the same word or phrase can be
mean different things in different contexts
• Analogy: in English, bank can mean side of a
river or a place to put money
• In Java, two or more classes could each have a
method called output
• Each output method would do the right thing
for the class that it was in.
• One output might display a number whereas a
different one might display a name.
 What Is Polymorphism?
• The ability to hide many different implementation
behind a single interface.

Manufacturer B
Manufacturer A Manufacturer C

OO Principle:
Encapsulation
 Example: Polymorphism
Get Current Value

get get
Cu Cu get
rr e rr e Cu
ntV ntV rr e
alu alu ntV
e( ) e( ) alu
e( )

Stock Bond Mutual Fund

 What is an Interface?
• An interface is a collection of operations that specify a
service of a class or component.
• Interfaces formalize polymorphism
• Interfaces support “plug-and-play” architectures
Tube
<<Interface>>
‘How’
Shape

‘What’ Pyramid
draw()
move()
scale()
rotate() Cube

Realization relationship (stay tuned for realization relationships)

How Do You Represent An Interface?
Tube
Elided/Iconic
Representation
(“lollipop”) Pyramid

Shape
Cube

Tube
Canonical
<<Interface>>
(Class/Stereotype) Shape
Representation Pyramid
draw()
move()
scale()
rotate() Cube

(stay tuned for realization relationships)

 What is an Abstract Class?
• An abstract class is a class that may not has any direct instances.
• In the UML, you specify that a class is abstract by writing its name in
italics.
• An abstract operation is an operation that it is incomplete and
requires a child to supply an implementation of the operation.
• In the UML, you specify an abstract operation by writing its name in
italics.
Shape
{abstract}
Abstract class

draw () {abstract} Abstract operation

Circle Rectangle

draw () draw ()