Contemporary Issues in Management Accounting

In the current world, manager is facing more

complexities in the operation of daily activities. Every
day new techniques or strategies are evolving for
operating or controlling organization. As a result, to
sustain in the competitive era as a manager have to
adapt new techniques or strategies. Those techniques
or strategies managers are using for adapting or
controlling as well as for getting competitive
advantages with new environment are called the
contemporary issues in management accounting.
 Contemporary Management accounting techniques
Activity based costing
Balanced scorecard
Profitability analysis about customer
Target costing
Kaizen approach costing
Life cycle of product and its costing
Economic value addition
Activity Based Costing
ABC
 Traditional Costing Systems
Appear on the income
• Product Costs statement when
goods are sold, prior
– Direct labor to that time they are
– Direct materials stored on the balance
sheet as inventory.
– Factory Overhead
Appear on the income
• Period Costs statement in the
period incurred.
– Administrative expense
– Sales expense
 Traditional Costing Systems
Direct labor and direct
• Product Costs materials are easy to
trace to products.
– Direct labor
– Direct materials The problem comes
with factory
– Factory Overhead overhead.

• Period Costs
– Administrative expense
– Sales expense
 Traditional Costing Systems
• Typically used one rate to allocate overhead
to products.
• This rate was often based on direct labor
dollars or direct labor hours.
• This made sense, as direct labor was a major
cost driver in early manufacturing plants.
 Problems with Traditional Costing
Systems
• Manufacturing processes and the products
they produce are now more complex.
• This results in over-costing or under-costing.
– Complex products are not allocated an adequate
amount of overhead costs.
– Simple products get too much.
 Today’s Manufacturing Plants
• Are more complex
• Are often automated
• Often make more than one product
• Use proportionately smaller amount of direct
labor making direct labor a poor allocation
base for factory overhead.
When the manufacturing process is
more complex:
• Then multiple allocation bases should be
used to allocate overhead expense.
• In such situations, managers need to
consider using activity based costing
(ABC).
 ABC Definitions
• Activity based costing is an approach for
allocating overhead costs based on activity.
• An activity is an event that incurs costs.
• A cost driver is any factor or activity that has a
direct cause and effect relationship with the
resources consumed.
 ABC Steps
• Overhead cost drivers are determined.
• Activity cost pools are created.
– A activity cost pool is a pool of individual costs
that all have the same cost driver.
• All overhead costs are then allocated to one of
the activity cost pools.
 ABC Steps:
• An overhead rate is then calculated for each
cost pool using the following formula:
– Costs in activity cost pool/base
– The base is, of course, the cost driver
• Overhead costs are then allocated to each
product according to how much of each base
the product uses.
 Let’s work an example . . .
• Assume that a company makes widgets
• Management decides to install an ABC system
Overhead Cost Drivers are Determined:
• Management decides that all overhead costs
only have three cost drivers—sometimes
called activities (obviously a simplification of
the real world)
– Direct labor hours
– Machine hours
– Number of purchase orders
 All overhead costs are then allocated to one of
the activity cost pools.
Direct Labor
General Ledger
Payroll taxes $1,000
Machine maintenance $500
Purchasing Dept. labor $4,000
Fringe benefits $2,000 Machine Hours
Purchasing Dept. Supplies $250
Equipment depreciation $750
Electricity $1,250
Unemployment insurance $1,500
# of Purchase Orders

Which overhead costs do you

think are driven by direct labor
hours?
 All overhead costs are then allocated to one of
the activity cost pools.
Direct Labor
General Ledger
Payroll taxes $1,000 $1,000
2,000
Machine maintenance $500 1,500
Purchasing Dept. labor $4,000 $4,500

Fringe benefits $2,000 Machine Hours

Purchasing Dept. Supplies $250
Equipment depreciation $750
Electricity $1,250
Unemployment insurance $1,500
# of Purchase Orders

Overhead driver by direct labor

hours
 All overhead costs are then allocated to one of
the activity cost pools.
Direct Labor
General Ledger
Payroll taxes $1,000 $1,000
2,000
Machine maintenance $500 1,500
Purchasing Dept. labor $4,000 $4,500

Fringe benefits $2,000 Machine Hours

Purchasing Dept. Supplies $250
$ 500
Equipment depreciation $750 750
Electricity $1,250 1,250
$2,500
Unemployment insurance $1,500
# of Purchase Orders

Which overhead costs are

driven by machine hours?
 All overhead costs are then allocated to one of
the activity cost pools.
Direct Labor
General Ledger
Payroll taxes $1,000 $1,000
2,000
Machine maintenance $500 1,500
Purchasing Dept. labor $4,000 $4,500

Fringe benefits $2,000 Machine Hours

Purchasing Dept. Supplies $250
$ 500
Equipment depreciation $750 750
Electricity $1,250 1,250
$2,500
Unemployment insurance $1,500
# of Purchase Orders

And finally, which overhead $4,000

costs are driven by # of 250
$4,250
purchase orders?
An overhead rate is then calculated for each cost
pool:
Direct Labor
Again the formulas is:
$1,000
Costs in Activity Cost Pool/Base = rate 2,000
1,500
Assume the following bases: $4,500
Machine Hours
Direct labor hours = 1,000
Machine hours = 250
$ 500
Purchase orders = 100 750
1,250
$2,500

The ABC rates are: # of Purchase Orders

$4,500/1,000 = $4.50 per direct labor hour
$4,000
$2,500/250 = $10 per machine hour
250
$4,250/100 = $42.50 per purchase order $4,250
 Overhead costs are then allocated to each
product according to how much of each base the
product uses.
The ABC rates are:

$4,500/1,000 = $4.50 per direct labor hour

$2,500/250 = $10 per machine hour
$4,250/100 = $42.50 per purchase order

Lets assume the company makes two products, Widget A and Widget B:

Let’s also assume that each product uses the following quantity
of overhead cost drivers:

Base Widget A Widget B Total

Notice that
Direct labor hours 400 600 1,000
all base units
Machine hours 100 150 250 are
Purchase orders 50 50 100 accounted
for.
Now let’s allocate overhead to Widget
A:
Base A Rate Allocated

Direct labor hours 400 $ 4.50 $ 1,800.00

In this case, 400 hours used to make Widget A is

multiplied by the rate of $4.50. This gives total overhead
applied for this activity cost pool of $1,800 to
Widget A.
Continuing the calculation:
Let’s do the same thing for the other two rates, to get the total amount
of overhead applied to Widget A:

Widget A Base Rate Allocated

Direct labor hours 400 $ 4.50 $ 1,800.00
Machine hours 100 $ 10.00 $ 1,000.00
Purchase orders 50 $ 42.50 $ 2,125.00
Total $ 4,925.00
Now let’s allocate overhead to Widget
B:
Let’s do the same thing for the other two rates, to get the total amount
of overhead applied.

Widget B Base Rate Allocated

Direct labor hours 600 $ 4.50 $ 2,700.00
Machine hours 150 $ 10.00 $ 1,500.00
Purchase orders 50 $ 42.50 $ 2,125.00
Total $ 6,325.00

The original overhead to be applied was $4,500 of direct labor

driven overhead + $2,500 of machine hour driven overhead + $4,250 of
purchase order driven overhead = $11,250 total overhead to apply.

The actual overhead allocated was $4,925 for Widget A + $6,325 =

$11,250 overhead applied.
 Same Problems Traditional
Method
• Okay, so what if we had allocated the
overhead in this company using traditional
cost accounting allocation.
• Let’s assume the base is direct labor hours.
• What would be the amount allocated to each
product?
 Calculation
General Ledger

Payroll taxes $1,000 This the total

overhead we were
Machine maintenance $500
given, the total
Purchasing Dept. labor $4,000 amount is $11,250
Fringe benefits $2,000 as explained on
the previous slide.
Purchasing Dept. Supplies $250
Equipment depreciation $750 Total direct labor
Electricity $1,250 hours are 1,000, also
given earlier.
Unemployment insurance $1,500

Base Widget A Widget B Total

Direct labor hours 400 600 1,000
Machine hours 100 150 250
Purchase orders 40 60 100
 Calculation
• The rate would be:
– OH Rate = Overhead/Direct Labor Hours
– $11,250/1,000 = $11.25 per hour.
• Applying overhead using this rate:
– Widget A: 400 hours x $11.25 = $4,500
– Widget B: 600 hours x $11.25 = $6,750
– Total overhead applied = $11,250
 Comparison
Widget A Widget B Total
Traditional Method $4,500 $6,750 $11,250
Activity Based $4,925 $6,325 $11,250
Costing
Difference -$425 $425 -0-

Which is more accurate?

ABC Costing!
Note these are total costs. To get per-unit costs we would divide by the
number of units produced.
 When do we use ABC costing?
• When one or more of the following conditions
are present:
• Product lines differ in volume and
manufacturing complexity.
• Product lines are numerous and diverse, and
they require different degrees of support
services.
• Overhead costs constitute a significant portion
of total costs.
 When do we use ABC costing?
• The manufacturing process or number of
products has changed significantly—for
example, from labor intensive to capital
intensive automation.
• Production or marketing managers are
ignoring data provided by the existing system
and are instead using “bootleg” costing data
or other alternative data when pricing or
making other product decisions.
 Additional Uses of ABC
• Activity Based Management (ABM)
– Extends the use of ABC from product costing to a
comprehensive management tool that focuses on
reducing costs and improving processes and
decision making.
 ABM
• ABM classifies all activities as value-added or
non-value-added.
– Value-added activities increase the worth of a
product or service to the customer.
• Example: Addition of a sun roof to an automobile.
– Non-value added activities don’t.
• Example: The cost of moving or storing the product
prior to sale.
 The Objective of ABM . . .
• To reduce or eliminate non-value related
activities (and therefore costs).
• Attention to ABM is a part of continuous
improvement of operations and activities.
 Possible Cost Drivers
• Machine hours
• Direct labor hours
• Number of setups
• Number of products
• Number of purchase orders
• Number of employees
• Number of square feet
Example_. Two products X and Y are made using similar
equipment and methods.
The data for last period are:
• Required: Calculate the overheads to be
absorbed per unit of each product based
• on:
• a) Conventional absorption costing using a
labour absorption rate
• b) An ABC approach using suitable cost
drivers.
A company produces three products A, B and C for which the standard costs
and quantities per unit
 Required:

a. Prepare Product Cost Statement under

traditional absorption costing and Activity
Based Costing method.
b. Compare the results under two methods.
 SOLUTION
• The two absorption methods produce
different results. Product C appears to be
much more expensive using the traditional
method than it does with ABC, while product
A is the opposite.
• If it is assumed that ABC is more accurate,
which it may or may not be, then product C
would be overpriced on the traditional
method and sales would presumably be poor
as a consequence–assuming competitors
supply more cheaply. Product A would be the
opposite Sales would be high and it is possible
that the company would unknowingly make a
loss per unit on product A.