Practice questions from previous

chapter
If U = {1, 2, 3,…,9}, A = {2, 4, 6, 8}, B = {1, 3, 4, 5, 7}
C = {7, 8} then, find:
a. A ∩ B
b. B′
c. A′ ∪ B′
d. A – B
e. (A ∩ C) ∩ (A ∪ B)
Mathematics & Statistics

Class: BS Criminology 1
Semester: Fall 2022
Lecture # 02
Instructor: Muhammad Farooq Memon
MS Economics of Innovation and Change
Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Germany
Email: [email protected]
Chapter 05: Simple Equations
Chapter 06: Simultaneous Equations
Chapter 07: Quadratic Equations
Book: Mathematics for Business & Finance
by: Hamid A. Hakeem

Chapter 02: Linear Equations

Book: Applied Mathematics for Business, Economics, and
The Social Sciences
by: Frank. S. Budnick
 Outline
• Functions, & types of functions
• Simple equations
• Simultaneous equations
• Quadratic equations
 What is a Function?
A function is defined as a relation between a set of
inputs having one output each.

In simple words, a function is a relationship

between inputs where each input is related to
exactly one output
 Types of Function
An example of a simple function is f(x) = x2. In this
function, the function f(x) takes the value of “x”
and then squares it.

For e.g. if x = 3, then f(3) = 9

 Simple Equation
• A simple equation refers to a mathematical equation that
expresses the relationship between two expressions on both
sides of the 'equal to' sign. This category of
an equation consists of a variable, usually in the form of ‘x’ or
‘y’.

• An equation may be defined as a mathematical statement

that two expressions are equal

• Thus 4x = 20 is an equation, the two expressions being equal

when ‘x’ has the value 5

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 Cont.
• The equation may be regarded as having two
members or sides, one to the left of the equal mark
(=) and the other to the right.

• The manipulation of an equation is termed as

“Transposition”.

8
 Cont.
• Principle: If we add (+) or Subtract (-) same value
from both side of the equation, it will not disturb the
balance between the two sides of the equation
Example: x + 7 = 12, solve for x
x + 7 – 7 = 12 - 7 subtract 7 from both sides
x = 12 – 7
x=5

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 Cont.
Example: x - 10 = -3, solve for x
x - 10 + 10 = -3 + 10 Add 10 to both sides
x = -3 + 10
x=7

10
 Cont.
• Principle: When the terms in the members of an
equation are multiplied by a common multiplier or are
divided by a common divisor other than zero, the
balance between the two sides of the equation is not
disturbed.
Example: 4x = 8, solve for ‘x’
Divide both members by 4
4x/4 = 8/4
x = 8/4
x=2
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 Cont.
Check: Replace ‘x’ value i.e. 2 in original equation:
4 (2) = 8
8=8

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 Cont.
• Q. Solve for ‘X’; + - = 1.9
• To solve for ‘X’, the following steps may be taken:
1. Take the LCM of 4, 5, 8 which is 40
Multiply each term of both sides of the equation by 40
+ - = 1.9 x 40
We get:
10x + 24x – 15x = 76

13
 Cont.
2. By adding the same terms in the left member of the
equation,
we get
19x = 76
3. Divide both members by 19, we get
x=4

14
 Cont.
• Solve for x; + = +
• To solve for ‘x’, the following steps may be taken:
LCM of the denominator is 8(x + 1)
Multiply each term of both sides of the equation by 8(x +
1)
8(x+1) { + } = 8(x+1) { + }
•

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 Cont.
• We get:
8x + 5(x+1) = 20 +6(x+1)
8x + 5x + 5 = 20 + 6x + 6
13x + 5 = 26 + 6x
• By Transposition
13x – 6x = 26 – 5
7x = 21
x=3

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 Solve the following equations for ‘x’
1. 3x+12=6
2. 3x+17=2x+20
3. 2x+14=3x+4
4. 3(x-2)=2(3x-1)
5. 3x - = 2x + 6
6. + = 2x -

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 Simultaneous equations
• The simple equations have only one unknown
(variable) quantity but simultaneous
equations have two unknown (variables)
quantities.

• We have to find the values of two unknowns

which satisfy both the equations at the same
time.

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 E.g.
• 3 kg. of rice and 2 kg. of flour cost Rs.570 and
2 kg. of rice and 4 kg. of flour cost 540.
• To find the per kg. prices of rice and flour,
assume that rice = x and flour = y, then the
simultaneous equation is:

• 3x + 2y = 570 (i)
• 2x + 4y = 540 (ii)
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 Method of solution
• Simultaneous equations can be solved by two
methods.

• 1. Method of systematic elimination

• 2. Method of substitution

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 Systematic elimination
• 3x + 2y = 570 (i)
• 2x + 4y = 540 (ii)
• To eliminate y, multiply equation (i) by 2
• 6x + 4y = 1,140 (iii)
• 2x + 4y = 540 (ii)
• Now subtract equation (ii) from equation (iii)
• 6x + 4y = 1,140 (iii)
• 2x + 4y = 540 (ii)
- - -
• ________________________

• 4x = 600
• x = 600/4
• x = 150 Cont’d
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 Cont.
• Now substitute the value of x either in equation
(i) or Equation (ii)
• 3x + 2y = 570 (i)
• 3 (150) + 2y = 570
• 450 + 2y = 570
• 2y = 570 – 450
• 2y = 120
• y = 120/2
• y = 60
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 Method of substitution
• 3x + 2y = 570 (i)
• 2x + 4y = 540 (ii)
• Solve for x in equation (i)
• 3x + 2y = 570
• 3x = 570 - 2y
• x=
• Substitute this value in equation (ii)
• +4y = 540
• Cont’d

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 Cont.
• Multiply each element of equation by 3
• 3 x 2(570-2y) + 3 x 4y = 3 x 540
3
• 1,140 – 4y + 12y = 1,620
• 8y = 1,620 – 1,140
• 8y = 480
• Y = 480/8
• Y = 60
• You can substitute y = 60 in any equation Cont’d
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 Cont.
• Now substitute y = 60 in equation (i)
• 3x + 2y = 570 (i)
• 3x + 2 (60) = 570
• 3x + 120 = 570
• 3x = 570 – 120
• 3x = 450
• x=
• x = 150
• Rice per kg. Rs.150 and flour per kg. Rs.60

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 COMPARISON

• Method of substitution is sounder and more

general, therefore in practice it is more
commonly used.

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Solve the following equations for x and y

1. 3x + y = 6
x + y = 10
2. 3x + 2y = 14
2x + 3y = 14
3. 7(x – 1) – 6y = 5(x - y)
7x + 3(y – 3) = 5(x + y)
4. - =
- =3
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 Linear Equations: Solutions Using
Elimination with Three Variables
• Systems of equations with three variables are
only slightly more complicated to solve than
those with two variables.

• The two most straightforward methods of

solving these types of equations are by
elimination and by using 3 × 3 matrices.
 Solutions Using Elimination with Three
Variables
• To use elimination to solve a system of three
equations with three variables, follow this
procedure:
1. Write all the equations in standard form
cleared of decimals or fractions
2. Choose a variable to eliminate; then choose
any two of the three equations and eliminate
the chosen variable
 Solutions Using Elimination with Three
Variables
3. Select a different set of two equations and
eliminate the same variable as in Step 2.
4. Solve the two equations from steps 2 and 3
for the two variables they contain.
5. Substitute the answers from Step 4 into any
equation involving the remaining variable.
6. Check the solution with all three original
equations.
 Solve this system of equations using
elimination.

All the equations are already in the required form.

 Solve this system of equations using
elimination.
• Choose a variable to eliminate, say x, and select two
equations with which to eliminate it, say equations (1)
and (2).
4x - 2y + 3z = 1
x + 3y - 4z =-7
Multiply equation (2) by (- 4).
4x - 2y + 3z = 1
-4x -12y + 16z = 28
-14y + 19z= 29 --------- (equation 4)
 Solve this system of equations using
elimination.
• Select a different set of two equations, say
equations (2) and (3), and eliminate the same
variable.
x + 3y – 4z = -7
3x+ y + 2z = 5
Multiply equation (2) by (- 3).
-3x - 9y + 12z = 2 1
3x + y + 2z = 5
-8y + 14z = 26 -------- (equation 5)
 Solve this system of equations using
elimination.
• Solve the system created by equations (4) and (5).
-14y+ 19z= 29
-8y + 14z = 26
Multiply equation (4) by (- 8) and equation (5) by (14).
112y - 152z = -232
-112y +196z = 364
44z = 132
z = 132/44
z =3
 Solve this system of equations using
elimination.
• Now, substitute z = 3 into equation (4) to find y.
-14y + 19z = 29
-14y+ 19(3)= 29
-14y + 57 = 29
-14y = 29 – 57
-14y = -28
y = -28/-14
y=2
 Solve this system of equations using
elimination.
• Use the answers from Step 4 and substitute
into any equation involving the remaining
variable using equation (2)
x + 3y – 4z = -7
x + 3(2) – 4(3) = -7
x + 6 – 12 = -7
X= 12-6-7
X=-1
Check the solution in all three original
equations.
Solve this system of equations using the
elimination method.
 QUADRATIC EQUATION
• A second degree equation involving the variable ’x’
has the generalized form.

• ax2 + bx + c = 0

• Where a, b and c are constant with the added

provision that a ≠ 0. Second degree equation are
usually called quadratic equation. If a = 0, the x 2
term disappeared and the equation is no longer of
degree 2.
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 EXAMPLES
• Examples of second degree equations are:
• 6x2 – 2x +1 = 0
• 3x2 = 18
• 2x2 – 1 = 5x + 9

40
 METHODS
• Methods used in solving quadratic equations
• Factorizing Method
• Completing the square method
• Quadratic Formula

41
 QUADRATIC FORMULA
• When the quadratic expression cannot be
factored, or if you are unable to identify the
factors, you can apply the quadratic formula.
The quadratic formula will allow you to
identify all roots of an equation of the form.
• ax2+ bx +c = 0
• The quadratic formula is
•

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 Factorization Method
Example:
• x2 = 7x + 18
• Solution:
• x2 -7x -18 = 0 by transposition
• x2 -9x +2x -18= 0For factorizing= (-9)(2) = -18
• x (x – 9) +2 (x – 9) = 0
• (x – 9) (x + 2) = 0
• If x – 9 = 0 then x = 9
• If x + 2 = 0 then x = -2
• Hence the solution is (9, -2) 43
 Example
• 2x2 = x + 6
• Solution:
• 2x2 -x -6 = 0 by transposition
• 2x2 -4x +3x -6= 0 for factorizing = (-4) (3) = -12
• 2x (x – 2) +3 (x – 2) = 0
• (2x + 3) (x - 2) = 0
• If 2x + 3 = 0 then x = -3/2
• If x - 2 = 0 then x = 2
• Hence the solution is (-3/2, 2) 44
 Example
• 4x2 + 12x = 7
• Solution:
• 4x2 +12x -7 = 0 by transposition
• 4x2 -2x + 14x -7= 0 for factorizing = (14) (-2) = -28
• 2x (2x – 1) +7 (2x – 1) = 0
• (2x + 7) (2x - 1) = 0
• If 2x + 7 = 0 then x = -7/2
• If 2x - 1 = 0 then x = 1/2
• Hence the solution is (-7/2, 1/2)
45
 Quadratic formula
• Example 1:
• 4x2 + 12x = 7
• 4x2 +12x -7 = 0 by transposition
• Comparing with the general quadratic equation:
• ax2 + bx +c = 0
• We have
• a = 4, b = 12, c = -7

Cont’d
46
 Continued
• a = 4, b = 12, c = -7
• Substitute these values of a, b, and c in the
formula:

Cont’d

47
 Continued

• x=½

• x = -7/2
• Hence the solution is (1/2, -7/2)

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 Questions: by factorization
• 1) x2 +x -30 = 0

• 2) 3x2 +7x +2 = 0

• 3) 40 = 9x + 10x2

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 Questions: by general formula
• When the quadratic expression cannot be
factored, or if you are unable to identify the
factors, you can apply the quadratic formula.

• 1) 7x2 + 6x = 2

• 2) 8x = 11x2 -2

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