Scribd
Upload
25 views

Intro To Micro

This document provides an introduction to microbiology and taxonomy. It defines microbiology as the study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. It then discusses the history of microbiology, including early microscopic observations by Van Leewenhoek in the 16th century, the disproving of spontaneous generation by Pasteur and others in the 19th century, the germ theory of disease established by Koch, and the development of antibiotics like penicillin in the 20th century. It also provides an overview of microbial taxonomy and classification.

Uploaded by

Marvin Simbulan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
25 views

Intro To Micro

This document provides an introduction to microbiology and taxonomy. It defines microbiology as the study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. It then discusses the history of microbiology, including early microscopic observations by Van Leewenhoek in the 16th century, the disproving of spontaneous generation by Pasteur and others in the 19th century, the germ theory of disease established by Koch, and the development of antibiotics like penicillin in the 20th century. It also provides an overview of microbial taxonomy and classification.

Uploaded by

Marvin Simbulan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

INTRODUCTION

TO
MICROBIOLOGY
PREPARED BY:
MARIELA C. RONQUILLO, RMT
WHAT IS MICROBIOLOGY?
 Study of organisms that are too small to be seen by the
naked eye.
 The different branches of microbiology are classified into
pure and applied sciences as well as TAXONOMY.
TAXONOMY
 Is a formal system for organizing, classifying and naming
living things
 Carl Von Linne, a Swedish botanist, laid down the basic
rules for taxonomic categories (binomial system).
TAXONOMY
 I. Classification
 The organization of microorganisms that share similar
morphologic, physiologic and genetic traits into specific groups
or taxa.
TAXONOMY
 Subspecies- species are subdivided based on phenotypic
differences.

 A. Serotype- based on serologic differences


 B. Biotype- based on biochemical diferences
TAXONOMY
Example of Classification
 Family: Microcococceae
 Genus: Staphylococcus
 Species: aureus
 Subspecies:
 Accepted abbreviation: S. aureus
 Informal: staphylococci
TAXONOMY
 II. NOMENCLATURE
 naming of microorganisms according to the established rules
and guidelines.
 It provides the accepted labels by which organisms are
universally recognized.
 Example: Staphylococcus aureus or Staphylococcus aureus.
Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. ozanae or
Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. ozanae
TAXONOMY
 When a new name is accepted a written format is “new
name (old name)”

 Ex. Enterococcus (Streptococcus) faecalis


TAXONOMY
 III. IDENTIFICATION
 Is the process by which a microorganisms key features are
delineated.
 a. Genotypic characteristics- it relate to the organisms’s genetic
makeup

 b. Phenotypic characteristics-It includes readily observable


characteristics and those characteristics that may require
extensive analytic procedures to be detected.
TAXONOMY
1.Macroscopic morphology
2. Microscopic morphology
3. Staining characteristics
4. Environmental requirements
5. Nutritional requirements
6. Resistance profiles
7. Antigenic properties
TERMINOLOGIES
 Strain- is a population of organisms that is differentiated from
populations within a particular taxonomic category.
 Biovars- are variant prokaryotic strains characterized by
biochemical or physiological differences.
 Morphovars- are variant prokaryotic strains which differ
morphologically.
 Serovars- are strains with distinctive antigenic properties.
HISTORY OF
MICROBIOLOGY
THE DISCOVERY OF
MICROORGANISMS:
Roman philosopher Lucretius (98-55 B.C.) and Girolamo Fracastoro (1478-1553)

They suggested that a disease was caused by “_________________.”
 Francesco Stelutti (1625-1630)
He made the earliest microscopic observations on bees and weevils using
a microscope supplied by Galileo.
 Anton Van Leewenhoek (1632-1723)
The “___________________”
The first person to observe and describe microorganisms accurately -
“________________________”
He discovered “animalcules”
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
 Aristotle (384- 322 B.C.)
He mentioned that simple invertebrates could arise from spontaneous
generation.
 Francesco Redi (1626-1697)
In 1668, he demonstrated that maggots do not arise spontaneously from
decaying meat.
 John Needham (1748)
He observed that boiled mutton broth eventually became cloudy with
microorganisms after pouring it into a flask and sealed tightly.
 Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729- 1799)
He improved the previous experiments of Needham by heating the
broth placed in a sealing jar.
 Laurent Lavoiser
BIOGENESIS
 Rudolf Virchow (1858)
- He challenged spontaneous generation with the concept of
“biogenesis”
 Theodore Schwann
- He observed that no growth occurred in a flask containing nutrient solution
after allowing air to pass through a red-hot tube.
 Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
- He resolved the issue of spontaneous generation.
He stated that microorganisms are indeed present in the air and can
contaminate seemingly sterile solutions, however the air itself does not create
microbes.
He showed that microorganisms can also be present in non-living matter.
He stated that microbial life can be destroyed by heat
 John Tyndall (1820-1893)
He showed that dust carry germs which contaminates sterile broth.
- “Tyndallization”
FERMENTATION AND
PASTEURIZATION
 Theodore Schwann- stated that yeast cells were responsible for the conversion of
sugars to alcohol.
 Pasteur described that certain microorganisms known as “yeast” converts sugar to
alcohol in the absence of air.
 Souring and spoilage of wine are caused by different microorgnisms called bacteria.
 Heating the beer and wine just enough to kill most of the bacteria was proposed by
Pasteur.
PASTEUR’S CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE

1. He disproved the theory of spontaneous generation


2. He developed vaccines against anthrax (1881) and rabies (1885)
3. He improved the wine industry

Charles Chamberland – created a porcelain bacterial filter (1884) and


developed anthrax vaccine together with Pasteur.
ANTISEPTIC SYSTEM
 Ignatz Semmelweiz (1816- 1865)
He demonstrated that routine handwashing can prevent the spread of
disease.
 Joseph Lister (1827- 1912)
He developed the antiseptic system of surgery.
He introduced British surgery to handwashing and the use of phenol as
an antimicrobial agent for surgical wound dressings.
THE GERM THEORY OF
DISEASE
 Robert Koch (1843-1910)

 He established the first proof that bacteria indeed cause diseases.

 He discovered Bacillus anthracis (1876-1877)

 He Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1882)

 He was the first to culture bacteria on boiled potatoes, gelatin, used meat

extracts and protein digests for cultivation.


 He developed culture media for observing growth of bacteria isolated from

human body.
KOCH’S POSTULATES:
THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASE
 Koch’s Postulates
1. The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but
absent from healthy organisms.
2. The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in a
pure culture.
3. The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is
inoculated into a healthy host.
4. The same organism must be isolated again from the diseased host.
THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASE
 Collaborators of Koch:
Fannie Eilshemius Hesse- suggested the use of agar as a solidifying agent

Richard Petri- developed the petri dish (plate)

Martinus Beijerinck and Sergie Winogradsky- developed the enrichment-


culture technique and the use of selective media.
IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES-
VACCINATION
Edward Jenner- He experimented on how people can be protected
against small pox.

Louis Pasteur- He used the term “vaccine”- for cultures of avirulent


microorganisms use for preventive inoculation.

Emil von Behring- Prepared toxins for diphtheria and tetanus.


MODERN THERAPY: “MAGIC
BULLET”
  Chemotherapy- It refers to chemical treatment of noninfectious
diseases, such as cancer.
 Use of chemical substances, especially those produced synthetically, to
destroy pathogenic microorganisms within the body.
 a. Synthetic drugs- prepared from chemicals in the laboratory
 b. Antibiotics- produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act
against microorganisms.
MODERN THERAPY: “MAGIC
BULLET”
 Paul Ehrlich- discovered salvarsan for treatment of
syphilis.
 Alexander Fleming - discovered penicillin (Penicillium
notatum)
 Howard Florey & Ernst Chain- made the purification
process for penicillin.
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!!

You might also like