PHYSICS

the branch of science concerned

with the nature and properties of
matter and energy.
PHYSICS
Matter is anything that takes
up space and can be weighed
PHYSICS
Energy is just the force that
causes things to move.
QUARTER III
ENERGY IN
MOTION
MODULE 1. DESCRIBING
MOTION
 Motion
 Speed & Velocity
 Acceleration
PHYSICS
MODULE 1
DESCRIBING MOTION
PHYSICS
MODULE 2
WAVES AROUND YOU
PHYSICS
MODULE 3
SOUND
PHYSICS
MODULE 4

LIGHT
PHYSICS
MODULE 5

HEAT
PHYSICS
MODULE 6
ELECTRICITY
LEARNING COMPETENCIES
FOR MODULE 1
a. Describe the motion of an object in terms of distance
or displacement, speed or velocity, and acceleration.
b. Differentiate quantities in terms of magnitude and
direction.
c. Create and interpret visual representation of the motion of
objects .
Questions
1. When can we say that an object is in
motion?
2. How do we describe the motion of an
object?
DESCRIBING
MOTION
Rearrange the jumbled letters to
form the word being described by
each statement.
A CHANGE IN POSITION
WITH RESPECT TO A
REFERENCE POINT.
A CHANGE IN POSITION
WITH RESPECT TO A
REFERENCE POINT.
 A DESCRIPTION OF
HOW OBJECTS MOVE
 A DESCRIPTION OF
HOW OBJECTS MOVE
DEALS WITH HOW
AND WHY OBJECTS
MOVE
DEALS WITH HOW
AND WHY OBJECTS
MOVE
A QUANTITY THAT INCLUDES
A NUMBER AND A UNIT ONLY
AND IS DESCRIBED BY
MAGNITUDE ALONE
A QUANTITY THAT INCLUDES
A NUMBER AND A UNIT ONLY
AND IS DESCRIBED BY
MAGNITUDE ALONE
TELLS YOU HOW FAST
A CERTAIN OBJECT
MOVES
TELLS YOU HOW FAST
A CERTAIN OBJECT
MOVES
 A CHANGE IN THE
POSITION OF THE OBJECT
FROM ITS STARTING POINT
 A CHANGE IN THE
POSITION OF THE OBJECT
FROM ITS STARTING POINT
PERTAINS TO THE TOTAL
LENGTH TRAVELED BY
AN OBJECT
PERTAINS TO THE TOTAL
LENGTH TRAVELED BY
AN OBJECT
 TELLS YOU HOW FAST
AND IN WHICH DIRECTION
AN OBJECT MOVES
 TELLS YOU HOW FAST
AND IN WHICH DIRECTION
AN OBJECT MOVES
THE RATE AT WHICH
VELOCITY CHANGES
THE RATE AT WHICH
VELOCITY CHANGES
A. Motion
Problem:
Is your desk moving?

We need a reference point...

nonmoving point from which motion is
measured
ACTIVITY 1

WHERE IS IT?
We should be able to describe in words the position of
an object within the room or the school ground.
ACTIVITY 1

WHERE IS IT?
Q1. Were you able to find the object? Was it easy or
difficult?
ACTIVITY 1

WHERE IS IT?
Q2. Is the instruction clear and easy to follow? What
made it so?
ACTIVITY 1

WHERE IS IT?
Q3. Were they successful in finding the object? Was it
easy for them or difficult?
ACTIVITY 1

WHERE IS IT?
Q4. What other details or information included in your
instruction that made it
clearer and easier to follow?
ACTIVITY 1

WHERE IS IT?
Q5. In your own words, what is point of reference and
how important it is?
Describing exact position entails two ideas:

Describing how far the object is

from the point of reference and
describing its
Direction relative to that point of
reference
A. Motion
Motion
Change in position in relation to a reference point.

Reference point

Motion
A. Motion
PROBLEM:
You are a passenger in a car stopped at a stop sign.
Out of the corner of your eye, you notice a tree on the
side of the road begin to move forward.
You have mistakenly set yourself as the reference
point.
 When describing something that is moving, you are comparing it with
something that is assumed to be stationary (not moving).

 Theframe of reference is the background or object that is used for

comparison.

 Ex: You are on a train that just left the platform.

 The people standing on the platform see you moving away. (earth)
 The person sitting next to you does not see you moving. (train)
 Frame of reference depends on the type of movement and position from which
you are observing.

 An actor may be standing still and the background is moving, but to us we think
the actor is going somewhere.
 We assume the background
is stationary.

 Earth is the most commonly

used frame of reference.
Describing through Visuals
USING DIAGRAMS
Using Diagrams

Q6. What is the

position of the dog?
Describing through Visuals
USING DIAGRAMS
Using Diagrams
Q6. What is the position of the
dog?

ANSWER: - 10 m
Using Diagrams
Q7. What is the position of the
tree?
Describing through Visuals
USING DIAGRAMS
Using Diagrams
Q7. What is the position of the
tree?

ANSWER: 5 m
Using Diagrams
Q8. What is the position of the
dog with respect to the house?
Describing through Visuals
USING DIAGRAMS
Using Diagrams
Q8. What is the position of the
dog with respect to the house?

ANSWER: The dog is 25 meters to the left of the

house
Using Diagrams
Q9. What is the position of the tree with respect
to the dog?
Describing through Visuals
USING DIAGRAMS
Using Diagrams
Q9. What is the position of the
tree with respect to the dog?

ANSWER: The tree is 15 meters to the right of

the dog.
Describing through Visuals
USING DIAGRAMS: PRACTICE
Describing through Visuals
USING DIAGRAMS: PRACTICE

Q10. What is the initial

position of the ball? What is
its final position?
Describing through Visuals
USING DIAGRAMS: PRACTICE
Describing through Visuals
USING DIAGRAMS: PRACTICE

ANSWER: The initial position of

the ball is at 0 m. Its final
position is at 15 m.
Describing through Visuals
USING DIAGRAMS: PRACTICE

Q11. What is the position of

the ball at 10 seconds?
Describing through Visuals
USING DIAGRAMS: PRACTICE
Describing through Visuals
USING DIAGRAMS: PRACTICE

ANSWER : 10 m
Describing through Visuals
USING DIAGRAMS: PRACTICE

Q12. At what time is the

position of the ball equal to 5
meters?
Describing through Visuals
USING DIAGRAMS: PRACTICE
Describing through Visuals
USING DIAGRAMS: PRACTICE

ANSWER : 5 seconds
Describing through Visuals
USING GRAPHS
I. Fill up Table 1 using the data in
Figure 2. Note that the positions of
the ball are shown every 5 seconds.
Describing through Visuals
FIGURE 2
Describing through Visuals
FIGURE 2
Describing through Visuals
FIGURE 2
Describing through Visuals
USING GRAPHS
II. Plot the values in Table 1 as points on the graph
in Figure 3. Note that time is plotted on the X-
axis while position is plotted on the Y-axis. An
example is given below.
Describing through Visuals
Describing through Visuals
FIGURE 2
Describing through Visuals
USING GRAPHS

III. Lastly, draw a straight

diagonal line through the
points in the graph.
Describing through Visuals
Describing through Visuals
USING GRAPHS

Q13. What is the position of

the ball at 7.5 seconds?
Describing through Visuals
FIGURE 2
Describing through Visuals
USING GRAPHS

ANSWER: 7.5 meters

Describing through Visuals
USING GRAPHS

Q14. At what time is the

position of the ball equal to
12.5 meters?
Describing through Visuals
FIGURE 2
Describing through Visuals
USING GRAPHS

ANSWER:12.5 seconds
GRAPHING MOTION
Distance-Time Graph
 slope = speed
A
 steeper slope = faster speed
 straight line = constant speed
B  flat line = no motion
GRAPHING MOTION
Distance-Time Graph

 Who started out faster?

A
 A (steeper slope)

 Who had a constant speed?

A

 Describe B from 10-20 min.

B  B stopped moving

 Find their average speeds.

A = (2400m) ÷ (30min) A
= 80 m/min
B = (1200m) ÷ (30min) B=
40 m/min
GRAPHING MOTION
Distance-Time Graph
400

 Accelerationis
300 indicated by a curve
Distance (m)

on a Distance-Time
200
graph.

100  Changingslope =
changing velocity
0
0 5 10 15 20
Time (s)
GRAPHING MOTION
Speed-Time Graph
3

 slope = acceleration
 +ve = speeds up
Speed (m/s)

 -ve = slows down

1
 straight
line =
constant accel.

0
 flat line = no accel.
0 2 4 6
Time (s)
8 10
(constant velocity)
GRAPHING MOTION
Speed-Time Graph
3
Specify the time period when
the object was...
 slowing down
 5 to 10 seconds
Speed (m/s)

 speeding up
 0 to 3 seconds

1  moving at a constant speed

 3 to 5 seconds
 not moving
0  0 & 10 seconds
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (s)
HOW FAR?
DISTANCE vs. DISPLACEMENT
Distance refers to the length of the entire
path that the object travelled.
Displacement refers to the shortest distance between
the object’s two positions, like the distance between
its point of origin and its point of destination, no
matter what path it took to get to that destination
DISTANCE vs. DISPLACEMENT
DISTANCE vs. DISPLACEMENT
SCALARS & VECTORS
Some physical quantities can be fully defined by
specifying their magnitude with a unit, but others
also require their direction to be specified.
•A scalar quantity has a magnitude (size)
but not a direction.
•A vector quantity has both a magnitude

and a direction.
 Distance

Scalar Displacement

Vector Speed

Velocity
SPEED AND VELOCITY
Speed
rate of motion
distance traveled per unit time

distance d
speed 
time s t
 ACTIVITY 3: FUN WALK
Procedure
1.Choose one end of the corridor in your
building or an area inside your
classroom or school.
 ACTIVITY 3
2. Ask a partner to stay at the other end
and record the time it takes for you to
walk from one end to the other.
3. Measure the distance between the
paths you traveled. Use a meterstick.
 ACTIVITY 3
4. Calculate your speed by dividing the
distance traveled by the time elapsed.
Express your answer in meters per second
(m/s).
5. Repeat steps 1-4, but this time, you are
to run along the two ends of the corridor.
 ACTIVITY 3
6. Complete the tables below and show all
computations neatly.
Table 1: Walking
TRIAL DISTANCE (m) TIME (s) SPEED (m/s)

1
2
3
Average
ACTIVITY 3
Table 2: Running
TRIAL DISTANCE (m) TIME (s) SPEED (m/s)

1
2
3
Average
 ACTIVITY 3
QUESTIONS
1.Compare your speed while you were
walking and while you were running.
2.Why is it important to learn how to
compute your speed.
SPEED AND VELOCITY
Instantaneous Speed
speed at a given instant
Average Speed

total distance
avg. speed 
total time
SPEED AND VELOCITY
Problem:
A storm is 10 km away and is moving at a
speed of 60 km/h. Should you be worried?

 It depends on
the storm’s
direction!
SPEED AND VELOCITY
Velocity
speed in a given direction
can change even when the speed is constant!
 ACCELERATION
 Acceleration
 the
vf - vi
rate of change of velocity
 change in speed or direction a t
a: acceleration
v f  vi vf: final velocity
a
t vi: initial velocity
t: time
ACCELERATION
Positive acceleration
“speeding up”
Negative acceleration
“slowing down”
CALCULATIONS
 Yourneighbor skates at a speed of 4 m/s. You
can skate 100 m in 20 s. Who skates faster?
GIVEN: WORK:
d = 100 m s=d÷t
t = 20 s s = (100 m) ÷ (20 s)
s =?
d s = 5 m/s
v t You skate faster!
CALCULATIONS
 A roller coaster starts down a hill at 10 m/s. Three seconds
later, its speed is 32 m/s. What is the roller coaster’s
acceleration?
GIVEN: WORK:
vi = 10 m/s a = ( vf - v i ) ÷ t
t=3s
vf = 32 m/s a = (32m/s - 10m/s) ÷ (3s)
a=? a = 22 m/s ÷ 3 s
vf - vi
a = 7.3 m/s2
a t
CALCULATIONS
 Sound travels 330 m/s. If a lightning bolt strikes the
ground 1 km away from you, how long will it take for
you to hear it?
GIVEN: WORK:
s = 330 m/s t=d÷s
d = 1km = 1000m
t = (1000 m) ÷ (330 m/s)
t=?
d t = 3.03 s

v t
CALCULATIONS
 How long will it take a car traveling 30 m/s to come
to a stop if its acceleration is -3 m/s2?
GIVEN: WORK:
t=? t = (vf - vi) ÷ a
vi = 30 m/s
vf = 0 m/s t = (0m/s-30m/s)÷(-3m/s2)
a = -3 m/s2 t = -30 m/s ÷ -3m/s2
vf - vi

a t t = 10 s
PROBLEM 1
Hannahwent running 120 m in 30 seconds.
What was Hannah’s average speed?
PROBLEM 2
How far can a cyclist travel in 1.5 hours
if his average speed is 12 km/h?
PROBLEM 3
Whatis the runner’s average velocity if his position
changes from 15m east to 40m east during a three-
second time interval?
PROBLEM 4
A car accelerates from rest to 85 km/h in 6.2
s. What is its average acceleration in m/s2 ?
PROBLEM 5
Aperson walks 100 m in 5 minutes, then 200m in 7
minutes, and finally 50m in 4 minutes. Find its average
speed.
PROBLEM 1
 Hannah went running 120 m in 30 seconds. What
was Hannah’s average speed?
GIVEN: WORK:
s=d÷t
s=?
d = 120 m s = 120 m÷30 s
t = 30s
s = 4 m/s
PROBLEM 2
 How far can a cyclist travel in 1.5 hours if his
average speed is 12 km/h?
GIVEN: WORK:
s=d÷t
s=?
d = 12 km/h s = 12 km/h ÷ 1.5 h
t = 1.5 h
s = 18 kms
 PROBLEM 3
 What is the runner’s average velocity if his position changes
from 15m east to 40m east during a three-second time interval?

GIVEN:
WORK:
v=? v = (vf - vi) ÷ t
vi = 15 m
vf = 40 m v = (40m-15m)÷(3s)
t=3s
v = 25 m ÷ 3s
average velocity = 8.3 m/s East
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
 A car accelerates from rest to 85 kph in 6.2 s. What is its
average acceleration in m/s2 ?

CONVERSION

Km x 1 h x 1 min x 1 000 m = 24.56 m

85
h 60 min 60 s 1 km s
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
 A car accelerates from rest to 85 kph in 6.2 s. What is its
average acceleration in m/s2 ?

GIVEN
vi = 0
vf = 85 kph = 24.56 m/s
t =6.2 s

Average Acceleration =
24.56 m/s – 0 = 3.96 m/s2
6.2 s
EXERCISE 1
Ruthie walks 45m east, and then moves 40m west. If
east is chosen as the positive direction, what is Ruthie’s
resultant displacement?
EXERCISE 2
What must be your average speed
to travel 250 km in 3.25 h?
EXERCISE 3
Acar accelerates along a straight road from rest to 21
m/s in 5s. What is the magnitude of its average
acceleration?