HISTORY OF COMPUTERS &

COMPUTER GENERATIONS
 HISTORY OF COMPUTER
• 1. Manual – Mechanical
• 2. Electromechanical
• 3. Electronic
 MANUAL – MECHANICAL DEVICES

devices powered by hand and requires physical

effort from the user when used.
 ABACUS

• A counting device for making calculations consisting of a

frame mounted with rods along which beads or balls are
moved.

• Mechanical data processing device which was developed in

China in 3000 B.C. in order to add and subtract.
 NAPIER’S BONE
• - invented by John Napier in 1617 includes
• a set of rods or Napier’s rods, made of bone and other material,
each divided into nine spaces
• contains numbers of column of the multiplication table
• - the inventor of logarithms, for facilitating the operations of
multiplication and division.
NAPIER’S BONE
 OUGHTRED’S SLIDE RULE
• - invented by two Englishmen Edmund Gunter and William Oughtred in
17th century
• - a rule upon which are marked by several graduated scales that may be
moved relative to one another, so that certain calculations may be carried
out
• -depending on the scales so marked, these calculations may include
multiplication, division, logarithmic and trigonometric functions
• - the first analog computer (of the modern ages).
OUGHTRED’S SLIDE RULE
 PASCAL’S CALCULATOR
• - invented by the famous French mathematician, Blaise Pascal
in 1642
• - It used the toothed counting wheel in addition and subtraction.
A mechanism to calculate with 8 figures and carrying of 10's ,
100's, and 1000's.
PASCALINE / PASCAL
CALCULATOR

BLAISE PASCAL
 LEIBNIZ’S
CALCULATOR
• - invented by Baron Gottfried Von Leibniz in 1674.

• - it utilizes the same techniques for addition and subtraction as the

Pascaline device but could also perform multiplication and division &
extract square roots
 BABBAGE’S ANALYTICAL
ENGINE
• invented by Charles Babbage in 1822
• He is known as the “Father of Modern Computers”.

• The Analytical Engine was designed to

use two types of cards:
1. operation cards use to indicate the specific functions to
be performed
2. variable cards to specify the actual data
BABBAGE’S ANALYTICAL ENGINE
 ADA AUGUSTA BYRON
• The first Computer Programmer
• She also called as “Countess of Lovelace”
• She was born 10 December 1815 at London,
England
 ELECTRO-MECHANICAL
DEVICES
- a device powered by an electric motor and uses relays
and switches.
 HOLLERITH’S PUNCHED-CARD MACHIN

- invented by Herman Hollerith in 1880

• it used punched cards, read electronically to keep and transfer
data.
• - a machine to tabulate census data in 1890 more efficiently than
by traditional hand methods
HOLLERITH’S PUNCHED-CARD MACHINE
 JACQUARD’S LOOM
• - invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1804
• used punched cards to create patterns on fabric woven on a
loom the hole punches directed the threads up or down, thus
producing the patterns.
• - It was the forerunner of the keypunch machine
JACQUARD’S LOOM
 MARK I
• - invented by Howard Aiken in 1944 to 1959 at Harvard
• official name of the Mark I was Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator
• - Mark I could perform the four basic arithmetic operations
• could locate information stored in tabular form 51 feet long, 8 feet high, and
2 feet thick had 750,000 parts and 500 miles wire
• weighed 5 tons
MARK I
 ELECTRONIC DEVICES
- these are devices which use only electrical
switches and circuitry.
 ATANASOFF-BERRY
COMPUTER
• invented by John Atanasoff in 1942
• the first digital computer that used binary logic circuitry
and had regenerative memory
ATANASOFF-BERRY
COMPUTER
 ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR
AND CALCULATOR (ENIAC)

• invented by Presper Eckert Jr. and John Mauchly in 1943 to

1946.
• the first large-scale vacuum-tube computer.
• consisted of over 18,000 vacuum tubes and required the manual
setting of switches to achieve desired results.
• It could perform 300 multiplications per second.
ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR
AND CALCULATOR (ENIAC)
 ELECTRONIC DISCRETE VARIABLE
AUTOMATIC COMPUTER (EDVAC)

• It was invented by John Von Neumann in 1945.

• This was designed as a stored-program computer.
ELECTRONIC DISCRETE VARIABLE
AUTOMATIC COMPUTER (EDVAC)
 UNIVERSAL AUTOMATIC
COMPUTER (UNIVAC)
• a computer milestone achieved by Dr. Presper Eckert and Dr.
John Mauchly, the team that invented the ENIAC computer
• the first commercially available computer to a business client,
the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.
UNIVERSAL AUTOMATIC
COMPUTER (UNIVAC)
 GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
• First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes

• Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors

• Third Generation (1964-1971)Integrated Circuits

• Fourth Generation (1971-Present)Microprocessors

• Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond)Artificial Intelligence

 FIRST GENERATION (1940-1956)
VACUUM TUBES
• -The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and
magnetic drums for memory
• -very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal
of electricity
• -generates a lot of heat, which was often the cause of
malfunctions
FIRST GENERATION 1940-1956
(VACUUM TUBES)
 SECOND GENERATION (1956-
1963) TRANSISTORS
• -replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation
of computers
• invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers
until the late 50s
• -far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to
become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and
more reliable than their first-generation predecessors
 SECOND GENERATION (1956-
1963) TRANSISTORS
• -2nd generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine
language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed
programmers to specify instructions in words
• -High-level programming languages were also being developed at
this time (e.g. early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN).
• -COBOL and FORTRAN - the first computers that stored their
instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to
magnetic core technology
 THIRD GENERATION (1964-1971)
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
• The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of
the third generation of computers
• Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips,
called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed
and efficiency of computers.
 THIRD GENERATION (1964-1971)
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
-It used keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an
operating system, which allowed the device to run many
different applications at one time with a central program that
monitored the memory.
- Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass
audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their
predecessors.
THIRD GENERATION (1964-1971)
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
 FOURTH GENERATION (1971-PRESENT)
MICROPROCESSORS
• first generation filled an entire room 4 th generation could now
fit in the palm of the hand
• The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the
components of the computer - from the central processing unit
and memory to input/output controls on a single chip
 FOURTH GENERATION (1971-PRESENT)
MICROPROCESSORS
• in 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user
• in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh Microprocessors also moved
out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as
more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors.
• Also developed the GUI’s
• the mouse and the use of other handheld devices.
 FOURTH GENERATION (1971-
PRESENT) MICROPROCESSORS
 FIFTH GENERATION (PRESENT AND
BEYOND) ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
• -still in development, though there are some applications, such
as voice recognition, that are being used today
• -the use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping
to make artificial intelligence a reality
• -The goal of 5th generation computing is to develop devices that
respond to natural language input and are capable of learning
and self-organization.
FIFTH GENERATION (PRESENT AND
BEYOND) ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE