Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is a virtualization-based technology that allows us to

create, configure, and customize applications via an internet connection.
The cloud technology includes a development platform, hard disk,
software application, and database.
Cloud computing is a technology that uses the internet for storing and
managing data on remote servers and then access data via the internet. ...
One such example is Google cloud – It is a suite of public cloud services
offered by Google. All the application development run on Google
hardware.
The term cloud refers to a network or the internet. It is a technology that uses remote servers on the internet to
store, manage, and access data online rather than local drives. The data can be anything such as files, images,
documents, audio, video, and more.
 Cloud Computing Service Provider’s :

Cloud computing is in huge demand so, big organization providing the service like
Amazon AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud, Alibaba cloud etc. are some Cloud
Computing service Provider.
Cloud Service providers are vendors which provide Information Technology (IT) as a
service over the Internet.
Cloud service providers are companies that establish public clouds, manage private
clouds, or offer on-demand cloud computing components (also known as cloud
computing services)
 History of cloud computing

Cloud Computing was invented in the early 1960s by J.C.R Licklider (Joseph Carl
Robnett Licklider), an American Psychologist and Computer Scientist. During his
network research work on ARPANet (Advanced Research Project Agency Network),
trying to connect people and data all around the world,
The beauty of the cloud computing phase went on running throughout the era of the
21st Century. By mid-2000s probably 2006 Amazon created
AWS (Amazon web services) and also noted its Elastic Computing Cloud (EC2). By
2008.
In the year 2012, Google compute engine was released but was rolled to the public by
the end of Dec 2013. Oracle introduced Oracle Cloud with three primary services for
business (IaaS, PaaS and SaaS). Currently, as per records, Linux and Microsoft Azure
share most of their work parallel.
Before emerging the cloud computing, there was Client/Server
computing which is basically a centralized storage in which all the
software applications, all the data and all the controls are resided on the
server side.
In 1999, Salesforce.com started delivering of applications to users using
a simple website.
In 2002, Amazon started Amazon Web Services, providing services like
storage, computation and even human intelligence.
In 2009, Google Apps also started to provide cloud computing enterprise
applications.
1960’s
One of the renowned names in Computer Science, John McCarthy, enabled enterprises to use expensive mainframe and
introduced the whole concept of time-sharing. This turned out to be a huge contribution to the pioneering of Cloud
computing concept and establishment of Internet.
1969
With the vision to interconnect the global space, J.C.R. Licklider introduced the concepts of “Galactic
Network” and “Intergalactic Computer Network” and also developed Advanced Research Projects Agency Network-
ARPANET.
1970
By this era, it was possible to run multiple Operating Systems in isolated environment.
1997
Prof. Ramnath Chellappa introduced the concept of “Cloud Computing” in Dallas.
1999
Salesforce.com started the whole concept of enterprise applications through the medium of simple websites. Along with that,
the services firm also covered the way to help experts deliver applications via the Internet.
2003
The Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM), that allows running of multiple virtual guest operating systems on single device, paved
way ahead for other huge inventions.
2006
Amazon also started expanding in cloud services. From EC2 to Simple Storage Service S3, they introduced pay-as-you-go
model, which has become a standard practice even today.
2013
With IaaS, (Infrastructure-as-a-Service), the Worldwide Public Cloud Services Market was totalled at £78bn, which turned out
to be the fastest growing market services of that year.
 Advantages
Implementing a Cloud-based server or being on the cloud makes you cost-effective as it will easier to access
organization data and information which saves time and investment in the early phase
Security Concern is a big issue when it comes to onsite viewing and storage of files and documents. As its
cybercrime doing the same thing for remotely accessing data.
loud computing provides greater mobility and connectivity to connect with people and information. It allows
to access data from anywhere, anyplace and anytime.
Clouds based applications update and upgrade their software versions without being manually functioned.
Cloud storage helps in loss prevention from data.
Saves Money
Allows companies to focus on their core areas of business
Competitive Advantage
Employees can work from any place at any time
Superior backup
Saves office space
Superior Security
 Disadvantages
• Loss of control
• Disruption of Cloud Services
• Cloud Vendor Shutting Shop
• Potential Security Threat
 Types of cloud computing
• CC Internet-based computing in which a shared pool of resources is available
over broad network access, these resources can be provisioned or released with
minimum management efforts and service provider interaction. These are
• Public cloud: Public cloud is open to all to store and access information via the
Internet using the pay-per-usage method.
• Private cloud: is also known as an internal cloud or corporate cloud. It is used by
organizations to build and manage their own data centers internally or by the third
party.
• Hybrid cloud: It is combination of Public Cloud + Private Cloud
• Community cloud: Community cloud allows systems and services to be accessible
by a group of several organizations to share the information between the
organization and a specific community.
Characteristics of Cloud Computing
There are numerous characteristics of Cloud Computing that makes it one of the fastest-growing industries at present. The
flexibility offered by Cloud services in the form of its ever-growing set of tools and techniques has accelerated its deployment
across industries.
• RESOURCE POOLING is one of the essential characteristics of Cloud Computing. Resource pooling means that a cloud
service provider can share resources among several clients, providing everyone with a different set of services as per their
requirements. It is a multi-client strategy that can be applied to data storage services, processing services, and bandwidth
provided services. The administration process of allocating resources in real-time doesn’t conflict with the client’s
experience.
• ON-DEMAND SELF-SERVICE: It is one of the significant and essential features of Cloud Computing. It enables the
client to constantly monitor the server uptime, abilities, and allotted network storage. This is a fundamental characteristic of
Cloud Computing, and a client can likewise control the computing abilities as per his needs.
• EASY MAINTENANCE: This is one of the best cloud characteristics. The servers are effortlessly maintained, and the
downtime remains low or absolutely zero sometimes. Cloud Computing powered resources undergo several updates
frequently to optimize their capabilities and potential. The updates are more viable with the devices and perform quicker
than the previous versions.
• 4. SCALABILITY AND RAPID ELASTICITY: A key characteristic and benefit of cloud computing is its rapid
scalability. This cloud characteristic enables cost-effective running of workloads that require a vast number of servers but
only for a short period. Many clients have such workloads, which can be run very cost-effectively because of the rapid
scalability of Cloud Computing.
• 5. ECONOMICAL: This cloud characteristic helps in reducing the IT expenditure of the organizations. In Cloud
Computing, the client needs to pay the administration for the space they have used. There is no covered up or additional
charge which needs to be paid. The administration is economical, and more often than not, some space is allotted for free.
• 6. MEASURED AND REPORTING SERVICE: Reporting services are one of the many cloud characteristics that make it
the best choice for organizations. Measuring & reporting service is helpful for both cloud providers and their clients. It
enables both the provider and the client to monitor and report what services have been used and for what purpose. This
helps in monitoring billing and ensuring the optimum usage of resources.
• 7. SECURITY: Data security is one of the best characteristics of Cloud Computing. Cloud services create a copy of the
data that is stored to prevent any form of data loss. If one server loses the data by any chance, the copy version is restored
from the other server. This feature comes handy when several users work on a particular file in real-time and a file suddenly
gets corrupted.
• 8. AUTOMATION: Automation is an essential characteristic of cloud computing. The ability of cloud computing to
automatically install, configure, and maintain a cloud service is known as automation in cloud computing. In simple terms,
it is the process of making the most of technology and reducing manual effort. However, to achieve automation in the cloud
ecosystem is not so easy. It requires the installation and deployment of virtual machines, servers, and large storage. Upon
successful deployment, these resources require constant maintenance as well.
• 9. RESILIENCE: Resilience in cloud computing means the ability of the service to quickly recover from any disruption. A
cloud’s resilience is measured by how fast its servers, databases, and network system restarts and recovers from any kind of
harm or damage. Availability is another major characteristic of cloud computing. Since cloud services can be accessed
remotely, there is no geographic restriction or limitation when it comes to utilizing cloud resources.
• 10. LARGE NETWORK ACCESS: A big part of the cloud characteristics is its ubiquity. The client can access the cloud
data or transfer the data to the cloud from any place just with a device and internet connection. These capacities are
accessible everywhere in the organization and get to with the help of the internet. Cloud providers save that large network
access by monitoring and guaranteeing different measurements that reflect how clients access cloud resources and data:
latency, access time, data throughput, etc.
Evolution of Cloud Computing
Distributed Systems:
It is a composition of multiple independent systems but all of them are depicted as a single entity to
the users. The purpose of distributed systems is to share resources and also use them effectively and
efficiently. Distributed systems possess characteristics such as scalability, concurrency, continuous
availability, heterogeneity, and independence in failures. But the main problem with this system was
that all the systems were required to be present at the same geographical location.
Thus to solve this problem, distributed computing led to three more types of computing and they
were-Mainframe computing, cluster computing, and grid computing.

Mainframe computing:
Mainframes which first came into existence in 1951 are highly powerful and reliable computing
machines. These are responsible for handling large data such as massive input-output operations.
Even today these are used for bulk processing tasks such as online transactions etc. These systems
have almost no downtime with high fault tolerance. After distributed computing, these increased the
processing capabilities of the system. But these were very expensive.
To reduce this cost, cluster computing came as an alternative to mainframe technology.
• Cluster computing:
In 1980s, cluster computing came as an alternative to mainframe computing. Each machine in the cluster was
connected to each other by a network with high bandwidth. These were way cheaper than those mainframe
systems. These were equally capable of high computations. Also, new nodes could easily be added to the
cluster if it was required. Thus, the problem of the cost was solved to some extent but the problem related to
geographical restrictions still pertained. To solve this, the concept of grid computing was introduced.

• Grid computing:
In 1990s, the concept of grid computing was introduced. It means that different systems were placed at
entirely different geographical locations and these all were connected via the internet. These systems
belonged to different organizations and thus the grid consisted of heterogeneous nodes. Although it solved
some problems but new problems emerged as the distance between the nodes increased. The main problem
which was encountered was the low availability of high bandwidth connectivity and with it other network
associated issues. Thus. cloud computing is often referred to as “Successor of grid computing”.

• Virtualization:
It was introduced nearly 40 years back. It refers to the process of creating a virtual layer over the hardware
which allows the user to run multiple instances simultaneously on the hardware. It is a key technology used in
cloud computing. It is the base on which major cloud computing services such as Amazon EC2, VMware
vCloud, etc work on. Hardware virtualization is still one of the most common types of virtualization.
• Web 2.0:
It is the interface through which the cloud computing services interact with the clients. It is
because of Web 2.0 that we have interactive and dynamic web pages. It also increases flexibility
among web pages. Popular examples of web 2.0 include Google Maps, Facebook, Twitter, etc.
Needless to say, social media is possible because of this technology only. In gained major
popularity in 2004.

• Service orientation:
It acts as a reference model for cloud computing. It supports low-cost, flexible, and evolvable
applications. Two important concepts were introduced in this computing model. These were
Quality of Service (QoS) which also includes the SLA (Service Level Agreement) and Software as
a Service (SaaS).

• Utility computing:
It is a computing model that defines service provisioning techniques for services such as compute
services along with other major services such as storage, infrastructure, etc which are provisioned
on a pay-per-use basis.
• Thus, the above technologies contributed to the making of cloud computing.
 GR E E N
M PU T I N G
CO
 INTRODUCTION
• Green computing is the environmentally responsible and
eco-friendly use of computers and their resources.
• In broader terms, it is also defined as the study of
designing, manufacturing/engineering, using and disposing
of computing devices in a way that reduces their
environmental impact.
• It is also called as Green IT
 HISTORY

• Green computing was Originated in 1992 at the U.S

Environmental Protection Agency that launched Energy Star
program.
• Shortly after that the term “Green Computing” was coined.
 WHY IS GREEN COMPUTING
REQUIRED?
• Impact of Electricity to the Environment

• Uses lot of electricity

• Impact of Toxic waste to the Environment

WAYS FOR GREEN COMPUTING

• Turn off monitor

• Turn off hard disks

• System Standby / Sleep

• Hibernate
 METHODS TO IMPLEMENT
GREEN COMPUTING
Solar computing Carbon free computing
 METHODS CONTD…
1. SOLAR COMPUTING 2. CARBONFREE COMPUTING

Computers working
Carbon free computing is a set
with the help of solar
of programs and products
technology are called designed to help individuals and
solar computing organizations reduce their
impact on the environment
 REGULATIONS AND
INDUSTRY INITIATIVES
 The organization of economic co-operation and development (OECD) has
published a survey of over 90 government and industry initiatives on green
computing.
 The report concludes that initiatives tend to concentrate on the green computing
themselves rather than actual implementation to tackle global warming and
environmental degradation.
 In general, only 20% of initiatives have measurable targets, with government
programs tending to include targets more frequently than business associations.
Many governmental agencies have continued to implement standards and
regulations that encourage green computing.
The energy star program was revised in October 2006 to include stricter efficiency
requirements for computer equipment, along with a tiered ranking system for
approved product
 INDUSTRIES
• CLIMATE SAVERS COMPUTING INITIATIVES (CSCI) is an effort to
reduce the electric power consumption Of PCs In active and inactive
states.
• The GREEN ELECTRONICS COUNCIL offers THE ELECTRONIC
PRODUCT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT TOOL (EPEAT) to
assist in the purchase of “greener” computing systems.

• GREEN COMM CHALLENGE is an organization that promotes the

development of energy conservation technology and practices in the field
of information and communications technology.
 BENEFITS

• Improve the savings

• Eco-friendly and environment friendly

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