.

NET Programming
Language
Method, Operators, Conditional statement

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Before start
 Understand variable, data type
 Visual Studio readiness

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Agenda

1. Method

2. Operators

3. Conditional statements

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Lesson Objectives

Understand basic conceptsThis

of high-level
is a sampleprogramming
text that you can edit.
languages You can change font(size, color, name),
or apply any desired formatting.

01
This is a sample text that you can edit.
03 You can change font(size, color, name),
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or apply any desired formatting.
Section 1

Operators

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Statements and expressions
 A C# program is a set of tasks that perform to achieve the overall
functionality of the program.
 To perform the tasks, programmers provide instructions. These instructions
are called statements.
 A C# statement can contain expressions that evaluates to a value.
 In C#, a statement ends with a semicolon.

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Statements
 Statements are used to specify the input, the process, and the output tasks
of a program. Statements can consist of:
 Data types
 Variables
 Operators
 Constants
 Literals
 Keywords

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Statements
 Statements help you build a logical flow in the program. With the help of
statements, you can:
 Initialize variables and objects
 Take the input
 Call a method of a class
 Display the output

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 Types of Statements

Declaration Expression Selection Iteration Jump

statements statements statements statements statements
• introduces • calculate a • if • do • break
a new value must • else • for • continue
variable or store the • switch • foreach • default
constant. value in a • case • in • goto
variable. • •
while return
• yield

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Types of Statements

Exception handling
statements
The fix statement
Checked and unchecked The lock statement

The await statement

Labelled statement

The empty statement

The yield return statement

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 C# Operators

An operation is an action
performed on single or multiple
Expressions in C# comprise one or The symbol is called an operator
values stored in variables in order
more operators that performs some and it determines the type of action
to modify them or to generate a
operations on variables. to be performed on the value.
new value with the help of
minimum one symbol and a value.

An operand might be a complex

The value on which the operation expression. For example, (X * Y) +
is to be performed is called an (X – Y) is a complex expression,
operand. where the + operator is used to join
two operands.

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Type of Operators
 Operators are used to simplify expressions.
 In C#, there is a predefined set of operators used to perform various types
of operations.
 These are classified into six categories based on the action they perform on
values:
 Arithmetic Operators
 Relational Operators
 Logical Operators
 Conditional Operators
 Increment and Decrement Operators
 Assignment Operators
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Arithmetic Operators
 Arithmetic operators are binary operators because they work with two
operands, with the operator being placed in between the operands.
 These operators allow you to perform computations on numeric or string
data.

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 Arithmetic Operators

Operators Description Examples

+ (Addition) Performs addition. If the two operands are strings, then it functions as a 40 + 20
string concatenation operator and adds one string to the end of the
other.
- (Subtraction) Performs subtraction. If a greater value is subtracted from a lower value, 100 - 47
the resultant output is a negative value.
* Performs multiplication. 67 * 46
(Multiplication)
/ (Division) Performs division. The operator divides the first operand by the second 12000 / 10
operand and gives the quotient as the output.
% (Modulo) Performs modulo operation. The operator divides the two operands and 100 % 33
gives the remainder of the division operation as the output.

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Arithmetic Operators
 With Division: data type and value of result is based on operand
 int/int -> int (floor).
• Example: 10/3 = 3

 decimal/int -> decimal

 float/int -> float
 …..

 Check and convert data type first

 Always check the second operand to avoid DivideByZero

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Operators Precedence - 1
Category Operator Associativity

Multiplicative * / % Left to right, top to

bottom
Additive + - Left to right, top to
bottom
Use parentheses () to change the order of evaluation imposed by operator
associativity
Example:
int a = 13 / 5 / 2; //// a = 1
int b = 13 / (5 / 2); //// b = 6

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 Relational Operators
 Relational operators make a comparison between two operands and return a Boolean
value, true, or false.
Relational Description Examples
Operators
== Checks whether the two operands are identical. 85 == 95
!= Checks for inequality between two operands. 35 != 40
> Checks whether the first value is greater than the second 50 > 30
value.
< Checks whether the first value is lesser than the second 20 < 30
value.
>= Checks whether the first value is greater than or equal to 100 >= 30
the second value.
<= Checks whether the first value is lesser than or equal to 75 <= 80
the second value.
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Logical operators
 Logical operators are binary operators that perform logical operations on
two operands and return a Boolean value.

Logical Operators

Boolean Logical
Operators Bitwise Logical Operators

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Logical negation operator !
 The unary prefix ! operator computes logical negation of its operand. That
is, it produces true, if the operand evaluates to false, and false, if the
operand evaluates to true:

a !a
true false
false true

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Logical AND operator &
 The & operator computes the logical AND of its operands. The result of x &
y is true if both x and y evaluate to true. Otherwise, the result is false.

x y y&y
true true true
true false false
false true false
false false false

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Logical OR operator |
 The | operator computes the logical OR of its operands. The result of x | y is
true if either x or y evaluates to true. Otherwise, the result is false.

x y y&y
true true true
true false true
false true true
false false false

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Logical exclusive OR operator ^
 The ^ operator computes the logical exclusive OR, also known as the
logical XOR, of its operands.

x y x^y
true true false
true false true
false true true
false false false

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Conditional logical operator
 There are two types of conditional operators, conditional AND (&&) and
conditional OR (||).
 Conditional operators are similar to the boolean logical operators but have
the following differences:
 The conditional AND operator evaluates the second expression only if the first
expression returns true because this operator returns true only if both expressions
are true.
 The conditional OR operator evaluates the second expression only if the first
expression returns false because this operator returns true if either of the
expressions is true.

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Ternary or Conditional Operator ?:
 If the first expression returns a true value, the second expression is
evaluated, whereas if the first expression returns a false value, the third
expression is evaluated.
 Syntax: <Expression 1> ? <Expression 2>: <Expression 3>;
 Expression 1:Is a bool expression.
 Expression 2: Is evaluated if expression 1 returns a true value.
 Expression 3: Is evaluated if expression 1 returns a false value

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Bitwise Logical Operators
 The bitwise logical operators perform logical operations on the
corresponding individual bits of two operands.
 The following table lists the bitwise logical operators along with their
descriptions and an example of each type:

Logical Operators Description Examples

& (Bitwise AND) Compares two bits and returns 1 if both bits are 00111000 &
1, else returns 0. 00011100
| (Bitwise Inclusive Compares two bits and returns 1 if either of the 00010101 |
OR) bits is 1. 00011110
^ (Bitwise Exclusive Compares two bits and returns 1 if only one of 00001011 ^
OR) the bits is 1. 00011110

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Bitwise Logical Operators
 The bitwise AND operator compares the
corresponding bits of the two operands.
 It returns 1 if both the bits in that
position are 1 or else returns 0.
 This comparison is performed on each
of the individual bits and the results of
these comparisons form an 8-bit binary
number.
 This number is automatically converted
to integer, which is displayed as the
output.
 Same rules with OR and XOR
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Increment and Decrement Operators
 Two of the most common calculations performed in programming are
increasing and decreasing the value of the variable by 1.
 In C#, the increment operator (++) is used to increase the value by 1 while
the decrement operator (--) is used to decrease the value by 1.
 If the operator is placed before the operand, the expression is called pre-
increment or pre-decrement.
 If the operator is placed after the operand, the expression is called post-
increment or post-decrement.

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Increment and Decrement Operators
 The following table depicts the use of increment and decrement operators
assuming the value of the variable valueOne is 5:

Expression Type Result

valueTwo = ++ValueOne; Pre-Increment valueTwo = 6
valueTwo = valueOne++; Post-Increment valueTwo = 5

valueTwo = --valueOne; Pre-Decrement valueTwo = 4

valueTwo = valueOne--; Post-Decrement valueTwo = 5

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Assignment Operators
 Assignment operators are used to assign the value of the right side
operand to the operand on the left side using the equal to operator (=).
 The assignment operators are divided into two categories in C#. These are
as follows:
 Simple assignment operators: The simple assignment operator is =, which is used to
assign a value or result of an expression to a variable.
 Compound assignment operators: The compound assignment operators are formed
by combining the simple assignment operator with the arithmetic operators.

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Assignment Operators
 The following table shows the use of assignment operators assuming the
value of the variable valueOne is 10:

Expression Description Result

valueOne += 5; valueOne = valueOne + 5 valueOne = 15
valueOne -= 5; valueOne = valueOne - 5 valueOne = 5
valueOne *= 5; valueOne = valueOne * 5 valueOne = 50
valueOne %= 5; valueOne = valueOne % 5 valueOne = 0

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Operators Precedence - 2
Precedence (where Operator Description Associativity
1 is the highest)
1 () Parentheses Child to Parent
2 ++ or -- Increment or Decrement Right to Left

3 *, /, % Multiplication, Division, Modulus Left to Right

4 +, - Addition, Subtraction Left to Right

5 <, <=, >, >= Less than, Less than or equal to, Greater than, Left to Right
Greater than or equal to
6 ==, != Equal to, Not Equal to Left to Right

7 && Conditional AND Left to Right

8 || Conditional OR Left to Right

9 =, +=, -=, *=, /=, Assignment Operators Right to Left
%=

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Section 2

Conditional statement

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Conditional Statements
 Is a programming construct supported by C# that controls the flow of a program.
 Executes a particular block of statements based on a boolean condition, which is an
expression returning true or false.
 Is referred to as a decision-making construct.
 Allow you to take logical decisions about executing different blocks of a program to
achieve the required logical output.
 C# supports the following decision-making constructs:
 if…else
 if…else…if
 switch…case

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The if statement
 The if statement allows you to execute a block of statements after evaluating
the specified logical condition.
 The if statement starts with the if keyword and is followed by the condition.
 If the condition evaluates to true, the block of statements following the if
statement is executed.
 If the condition evaluates to false, the block of statements following the if
statement is ignored and the statement after the block is executed.

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The if statement
 The following is the syntax for the if statement:

if (condition)
{
// one or more statements;
}

 where
 condition: Is the boolean expression.
 statements: Are set of executable instructions executed when the boolean expression
returns true.

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The if statement

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The if…else Construct
 In some situations, it is required to
define an action for a false condition by
using an if...else construct.
 The if...else construct starts with the if
block followed by an else block and the
else block starts with the else keyword
followed by a block of statements.
 If the condition specified in the if
statement evaluates to false, the
statements in the else block are
executed.

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The if…else…if Construct
 The if…else…if construct allows you to check multiple conditions to
execute a different block of code for each condition.
 It is also referred to as if-else–if ladder.
 The construct starts with the if statement followed by multiple else if
statements followed by an optional else block.
 The conditions specified in the if…else…if construct are evaluated
sequentially.
 The execution starts from the if statement. If a condition evaluates to false,
the condition specified in the following else…if statement is evaluated.

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The if…else…if Construct

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Nested if Construct

The nested if construct starts

with the if statement, which is
The nested if construct
called the outer if statement,
consists of multiple if
and contains multiple if
statements.
statements, which are called
inner if statements.

In the nested if construct, the

outer if condition controls the
In addition, each inner if
execution of the inner if
statement is executed only if
statements. The compiler
the condition in its previous
executes the inner if
inner if statement is true.
statements only if the condition
in the outer if statement is true.

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Nested if Construct

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switch…case Construct
 A program is difficult to comprehend when there are too many if statements
representing multiple selection constructs.
 To avoid using multiple if statements, in certain cases, the switch…case
approach can be used as an alternative.
 The switch…case statement is used when a variable needs to be
compared against different values.

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switch…case Construct
 The switch…case construct has the following components:
 switch: The switch keyword is followed by an integer expression enclosed in
parentheses. The expression must be of type int, char, byte, or short. The switch
statement executes the case corresponding to the value of the expression.
 case: The case keyword is followed by a unique integer constant and a colon. Thus,
the case statement cannot contain a variable. The block following a particular case
statement is executed when the switch expression and the case value match. Each
case block must end with the break keyword that passes the control out of the switch
construct.

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switch…case Construct
 The switch…case construct has the following components:
 default: If no case value matches the switch expression value, the program control is
transferred to the default block. This is the equivalent of the else block of the
if...else...if construct.
 break: The break statement is optional and is used inside the switch…case statement
to terminate the execution of the statement sequence. The control is transferred to the
statement after the end of switch. If there is no break, execution flows sequentially into
the next case statement. Sometimes, multiple case statements can be present without
break statements between them.

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No-Fall-Through Rule
Thus, the list of statements inside a
In C#, the flow of execution from case block generally ends with a
one case statement is not allowed to break or a goto statement, which
continue to the next case statement causes the control of the program to
and is referred to as the ‘no-fall- exit the switch…case construct and
through’ rule of C#. go to the statement following the
construct.

The last case block (or the default C# introduced the no fall-through
block) also needs to have a rule to allow the compiler to
statement like break or goto to rearrange the order of the case
explicitly take the control outside blocks for performance
the switch…case construct. optimization.

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No-Fall-Through Rule
 Code will execute statements inside and bellow right case, or until break
 A multiple case statement can be made to execute the same code
sequence.

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if – else VS switch

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ifif ––else
elseVSVS switch
switch

1. Check the Testing Expression

An if-else statement can test expressions based on ranges of values or conditions,

whereas

A switch statement tests expressions based only on a single integer, enumerated value, or
String object.

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if
if ––else
elseVSVS switch
switch

2. Switch better for Multi way branching

When compiler compiles a switch statement, it will inspect each of the case constants and
create a “jump table” that it will use for selecting the path of execution depending on the value
of the expression. Therefore, if we need to select among a large group of values, a switch
statement will run much faster than the equivalent logic coded using a sequence of if-else.
The compiler can do this because it knows that the case constants are all the same type
and simply must be compared for equality with the switch expression, while in case of if
expressions, the compiler has no such knowledge.

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if – else VS switch

3. if-else better for boolean values

If-else conditional branches are great for variable conditions that result into a boolean,

whereas

switch statements are great for fixed data values.

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if – else VS switch

4. Speed

A switch statement might prove to be faster than ifs provided number of cases are good. If
there are only few cases, it might not effect the speed in any case. Prefer switch if the number
of cases are more than 5 otherwise, you may use if-else too.
If a switch contains more than five items, it’s implemented using a lookup table or a hash list.
This means that all items get the same access time, compared to a list of ifs where the last
item takes much more time to reach as it has to evaluate every previous condition first.

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if – else VS switch

5. Clarity in readability

A switch looks much cleaner when you have to combine cases. Ifs are quite vulnerable to
errors too. Missing an else statement can land you up in havoc. Adding/removing labels is
also easier with a switch and makes your code significantly easier to change and maintain.

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if – else VS switch

6. Conversion

All switch statements can be convert to if-else

BUT

Not all if-else statements can be convert to switch

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Give your decision
 Print day of week
 Print month of year
 Branching for check positive or negative number
 Student evaluation by final GPA

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Section 3

Method

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Code block
 Block of statements in sequential to implement specify logical
 C# use bracket to specify a code block {}
 Nested code block
 Sample:
 Read name of user then say Hello
 Get max value of 2 numbers
 Find the greatest common divisor

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Method
 A method is a code block that contains a series of statements.
 A program causes the statements to be executed by calling the method and
specifying any required method arguments.
 In C#, every executed instruction is performed in the context of a method.
 Why use methods? To reuse code
 define the code once
 use it many times

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Method signatures
 A signature of method to let compiler (and developer) understand main idea
of the method
 A signature contains:
 Access level: optional
 Method name
 Method parameters
 Return type

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Method name
 Following basic rules of name in C#
 Is verb or verb-phrase, describe main idea of the body
 Use Pascal Casing - First character of all words are Upper Case and other
characters are lower case

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Method parameters
 The method definition specifies the names and types of any parameters
that are required.
 When calling code calls the method, it provides concrete values called
arguments for each parameter.
 One method has zero, one or many parameters
 All parameters are placed in parentheses()

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Method Overloading
 With method overloading, multiple methods can have the same name with
different parameters
 Overloading types:
 Difference number of parameters
 Difference data type of parameters
 Difference order of parameters with difference data type
 CANNOT: difference return values

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Return values
 Methods can return a value to the caller.
 A statement with the return keyword followed by a variable, constant, or
expression that matches the return type will return that value to the method
caller.
 If method does not return any value, use void in method signature.
 Methods with a non-void return type are required to use the return keyword
to return a value.
 The return keyword also stops the execution of the method.

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Return values
 To return more than a single value, from C# 7.0, you can do this easily by
using tuple types and tuple literals.
 The tuple type defines the data types of the tuple's elements.
 Tuple literals provide the actual values of the returned tuple.

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Method body rules
 Method implement and only implement specify logical
 Method should use and only use defined parameters
 Parameter is not used => remove from signature
 Use other value => consider move it into parameter
 Method body should not exceed ONE screen of code
 DONOT use goto in method body
 Avoid to return anywhere in method

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Method invocation
 Step 1: prepare arguments
 Step 2: Invoke method
 Step 3: (optional) receive return value

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Method parameters vs. arguments
 Parameter: specifies the names and data type in method signature
 Argument: concrete value that used to pass to method.
 The arguments must be compatible with the parameter type but the
argument name (if any) used in the calling code doesn't have to be the
same as the parameter named defined in the method.

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Passing types

Passing by value Passing by reference

• Its copy is passed instead of the instance itself. • a reference to the object is passed

• changes to the argument have no effect on the • the change is reflected in the argument in the
original instance in the calling method. calling method

• To pass a value-type instance by reference,

use the ref keyword

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Variable scope
 Class Level Scope
 Declaring the variables in a class but outside any method can be directly accessed
anywhere in the class.
 These variables are also termed as the fields or class members.
 Class level scoped variable can be accessed by the non-static methods of the class in
which it is declared.
 Access modifier of class level variables doesn’t affect their scope within a class.
 Member variables can also be accessed outside the class by using the access
modifiers.

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Variable scope
 Method Level Scope
 Variables that are declared inside a method have method level scope. These are not
accessible outside the method.
 However, these variables can be accessed by the nested code blocks inside a
method.
 These variables are termed as the local variables.
 There will be a compile-time error if these variables are declared twice with the same
name in the same scope.
 These variables don’t exist after method’s execution is over.

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Variable scope
 Block Level Scope
 These variables are generally declared inside the for, while statement etc.
 These variables are also termed as the loop variables or statements variable as they
have limited their scope up to the body of the statement in which it declared.
 Generally, a loop inside a method has three level of nested code blocks(i.e. class
level, method level, loop level).
 The variable which is declared outside the loop is also accessible within the nested
loops. It means a class level variable will be accessible to the methods and all loops.
Method level variable will be accessible to loop and method inside that method.
 A variable which is declared inside a loop body will not be visible to the outside of loop
body.

09e-BM/DT/FSOFT - @FPT SOFTWARE - FPT Software Academy - Internal Use 70

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09e-BM/DT/FSOFT - @FPT SOFTWARE - FPT Software Academy - Internal Use