.

NET Programming
Language
Variable, Data types, Keywords, Array

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Agenda

1. Variable

2. Keywords

3. Data types

4. Array

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Lesson Objectives

Understand basicThis is a sample

concepts text that you
of high-level can edit.
programming
01 languages
You can change font(size, color, name),
or apply any desired formatting.

02 Working with some of the existing data structures in C#

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Before start
 Understand .NET Core
 Visual Studio readiness
 Basic I/O

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Section 1

Variable

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Variable
 A variable is used to store data in a program and is declared with an
associated data type.
 A variable has a name and may contain a value.
 A data type defines the type of data that can be stored in a variable.

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Variable
 A variable is an entity whose value can keep changing during the course of
a program.
 Example: The age of a student, the address of a faculty member, and the salary of an
employee are all examples of entities that can be represented by variables.
 In C#, a variable is a location in the computer’s memory that is identified by
a unique name and is used to store a value. The name of the variable is
used to access and read the value stored in it.

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Data Type
 Different types of values such as numbers, characters, or strings can be
stored in different variables.
 To identify the type of data that can be stored in a variable, C# provides
different data types.
 When a variable is declared, a data type is assigned to the variable.
 This allows the variable to store values of the assigned data type

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Data Type

Value Type Reference Type

Stores the value in its memory space Stores the address of the value where it is
stored

Primitive data types and struct Class objects, string, array, delegates

Passes by value (default) Passes by ref (default)

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Null pointer
 Reference types have null value by default, when they are not initialized.
 For example, a string variable (or any other variable of reference type datatype)
without a value assigned to it.
 In this case, it has a null value, meaning it doesn't point to any other memory location,
because it has no value yet.

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Null pointer
 Reference types have null value by default, when they are not initialized.
 A value type variable cannot be null because it holds a value not a memory
address
 Value type variables must be assigned some value before use
 The compiler will give an error if you try to use a local value type variable without
assigning a value to it

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Boxing and Unboxing
 Boxing is the process of converting a value type to the type object or to any
interface type implemented by this value type.
 When the common language runtime (CLR) boxes a value type, it wraps the value
inside a System.Object instance and stores it on the managed heap.
 Unboxing extracts the value type from the object.
 Boxing is implicit; unboxing is explicit.
 The concept of boxing and unboxing underlies the C# unified view of the
type system in which a value of any type can be treated as an object.

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Boxing and Unboxing
 Unboxing is an explicit conversion from the type object to a value type or
from an interface type to a value type that implements the interface.
 An unboxing operation consists of:
 Checking the object instance to make sure that it is a boxed value of the given value
type.
 Copying the value from the instance into the value-type variable.

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Pre-defined Data Types
 The pre-defined data types are referred to as basic data types in C# that
have a pre-defined range and size.
 The size of the data type helps the compiler to allocate memory space and
the range helps the compiler to ensure that the value assigned, is within the
range of the variable’s data type.

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Value Types
Data Type Size Range
byte Unsigned 8-bit integer 0 to 255
sbyte Signed 8-bit integer -128 to 127
short Signed 16-bit integer -32,768 to 32,767
ushort Unsigned 16-bit integer 0 to 65,535
int Signed 32-bit integer -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
uint Unsigned 32-bit integer 0 to 4,294,967,295
long -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to
Signed 64-bit integer 9,223,372,036,854,775,807
ulong Unsigned 64-bit integer 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615
float 32-bit floating point with 7 digits precision ±1.5e−45 to ±3.4e38
double 64-bit floating point with 15-16 digits precision ±5.0e−324 to ±1.7e308

decimal 128-bit floating point with 28-29 digits precision ±1.0 × 10e−28 to ±7.9 × 10e28

char Unicode 16-bit character U+0000 to U+ffff

bool Stores either true or false true or false

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Reference Types
• Object is a built-in reference data type that is a base class for all pre-defined and user-
Obj
ect
defined data types.

Stri
• String is a built-in reference type that signifies Unicode character string values.
ng

Cla
• A class is a user-defined structure that contains variables and methods.
ss

• A delegate is a user-defined reference type that stores the reference of one or more
Del
egat methods.
e

• An interface is a user-defined structure that groups related functionalities which may

Inte
rfac belong to any class or struct.
e

• An array is a user-defined data structure that contains values of the same data type,
Arr
ay
such as marks of students.

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Declaration
 In C#, you can declare multiple variables at the same time in the same way
you declare a single variable.
 After declaring variables, you need to assign values to them.
 Assigning a value to a variable is called initialization.
 You can assign a value to a variable while declaring it or at a later time.

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 Syntax
 <data type> <variable name> [= <value>];
 data type: is a valid variable type.
 variable name: is a valid variable name or identifier.
 value (optional): is the value assigned to the variable.

 In C#, you can decide to declare and assign value or declare variable only
 In C#, you can declare multiple variables have same data type at the time

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Data Type in practice
 Create new project and give variables to:
 Store name of user
 Store age of student
 Store weight of elephant
 Store GDP of United States
 Store test result of Corona virus quick test

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Comparison

Var

Object Dynamic

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Variable name
 The name can contain letters, digits, and the underscore character (_).
 The first character of the name must be a letter. The underscore is also a
legal first character, but its use is not recommended at the beginning of a
name. An underscore is often used with special commands, and it's
sometimes hard to read.
 Case matters (that is, upper- and lowercase letters). C# is case-sensitive;
thus, the names count and Count refer to two different variables.
 C# keywords can't be used as variable names. Recall that a keyword is a
word that is part of the C# language.

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Variable name example
Variable Name Legality
Percent Legal

y2x5__w7h3 Legal

yearly_cost Legal

_2010_tax Legal, but not advised

checking#account Illegal; contains the illegal character #

double Illegal; is a C keyword

2towers Illegal; starts with number

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Naming conventions
 Use Camel Casing - First character of all words, except the first word are
Upper Case and other characters are lower case.
 Example: backColor

 Do not use Hungarian notation to name variables

 string m_sName;

 Use Meaningful, descriptive words to name variables. Do not use

abbreviations
 Good: userAddress
 Bad: uAdd

 Re-check and update your code

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Comments
 Comments help in reading the code of a program to understand the
functionality of the program.
 Comments are ignored by the compiler, during the execution of the
program.

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Comments

Provide information about a piece of code.

Make the program more readable.

Explain the purpose of using a particular variable or method to a

programmer.

Help to identify comments as they are marked with special

characters.

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Comments
 Single-line Comments: Begin with two forward slashes (//).
 Multi-line Comments: Begin with a forward slash followed by an asterisk (/*)
and end with an asterisk followed by a forward slash (*/).
 Re-check and update your code

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Constants
 A constant has a fixed value that remains unchanged throughout the
program while a literal provides a mean of expressing specific values in a
program.
 Examples:
 the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter:
• π = 3.1415926535897931
• Provided in Math.PI
 the natural logarithmic base:
• e = 2.7182818284590451
• Provided in Math.E

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Constants
 In C#, you can declare constants for all data types.
 You have to initialize a constant at the time of its declaration.
 Constants are declared for value types rather than for reference types.
 To declare an identifier as a constant, the const keyword is used in the
identifier declaration. The compiler can identify constants at the time of
compilation, because of the const keyword.

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Constant syntax
 const <data type> <identifier name> = <value>;
 const: Keyword denoting that the identifier is declared as constant.
 data type: Data type of constant.
 identifier name: Name of the identifier that will hold the constant.
 value: Fixed value that remains unchanged throughout the execution of the code

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Section 2

Keywords

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Keywords
 Keywords are reserved words that are separately compiled by the compiler
and convey a pre-defined meaning to the compiler and hence, cannot be
created or modified.
 Example: int, double, string, break, var, …
 Escape sequence characters in C# are characters preceded by a
backslash (\) and denote a special meaning to the compiler.
 You cannot use keywords as variable names, method names, or class
names, unless you prefix the keywords with the ‘@’ character

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C# keywords
 Keywords in C# is mainly divided into 10 categories:
1. Value Type Keywords
2. Reference Type Keywords
3. Modifiers Keywords
4. Statements Keywords
5. Method Parameters Keywords
6. Namespace Keywords
7. Operator Keywords
8. Conversion Keywords
9. Access Keywords
10. Literal Keywords
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Value Type keywords
 There are 15 keywords in value types which are used to define various data
types.

bool byte char decimal

double enum float int

long sbyte short struct

unit ulong ushort

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Reference Type Keywords
 There are 6 keywords in reference types which are used to store
references of the data or objects.
 The keywords in this category are:

class delegate interface

object string void

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Modifiers Keywords
 There are 17 keywords in modifiers which are used to modify the
declarations of type member.

public private internal protected abstract

const event extern new override

partial readonly sealed static unsafe

virtual volatile

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Statements Keywords
 There are total 18 keywords which are used in program instructions

if else switch do for

foreach in while break continue

goto return checked unchecked

throw try catch finally

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Others Keywords
 There are total 4 keywords which are used to change the behaviour of the
parameters that passed to a method: params, in, ref, out
 There are total 3 keywords in this category which are used
in namespaces: namespace, using, extern
 There are total 8 keywords which are used for different purposes like creating
objects, getting a size of object etc…: as, is, new, sizeof, typeof, true, false,
stackalloc.

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Others Keywords
 There are 3 keywords which are used in type conversions. The keywords
are: explicit, implicit, operator.
 There are 2 keywords which are used in accessing and referencing the
class or instance of the class. The keywords are base, this.
 There are 2 keywords which are used as literal or constant. The keywords
are null, default.

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Important Points
 Keywords are not used as an identifier or name of a class, variable, etc.
 If you want to use a keyword as an identifier then you must use @ as a
prefix.
 For example, @abstract is valid identifier but not abstract because it is a keyword.

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Contextual keywords
 C# provides contextual keywords that have special meaning in the context
of the code, where they are used.
 The contextual keywords are not reserved and can be used as identifiers
outside the context of the code.
 When new keywords are added to C#, they are added as contextual
keywords.

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 Contextual keywords
add alias ascending async await

by descending dynamic equals from

get global group into set

let nameof on orderby partial(type)
value var remove select
partial(method) yield when(filter condition)

where (generic type where (query clause)

constraint)
unmanaged (generic type
constraint)

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Important Points

 These are not reserved words.

 It can be used as identifiers outside the context that’s why it named
contextual keywords.
 These can have different meanings in two or more contexts

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Section 3

Array

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Introduction
 An array is a collection of elements of a single data type stored in adjacent
memory locations.
 Example:
 In a program, an array can be defined to contain 7 elements to store the scores of 7
students.

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Purpose of array
 Consider a program that stores the
names of 100 students.
 To store the names, the
programmer would create 100
variables of type string.
 Creating and managing these 100
variables is a tedious task as it
results in inefficient memory
utilization.
 In such situations, the programmer
can create an array for storing the
100 names.

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Array
 An array always stores values of a single data type.
 Each value is referred to as an element.
 These elements are accessed using subscripts or index numbers that
determine the position of the element in the array list.
 C# supports zero-based index values in an array.
 This means that the first array element has an index number zero while the last
element has an index number n-1, where n stands for the total number of elements in
the array.
 This arrangement of storing values helps in efficient storage of data, easy
sorting of data, and easy tracking of the data length.

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Array
 Following figure is an example of the subscripts and elements in an array:

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Declaring Array

 Arrays are reference type variables whose creation involves

two steps:
 Declaration:
– An array declaration specifies the type of data that it can hold and an identifier.
– This identifier is basically an array name and is used with a subscript to retrieve or set the data
value at that location.

 Memory allocation:
– Declaring an array does not allocate memory to the array.

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Declaring Array
 Following is the syntax for declaring an array:
<type>[] <array name>
 In the syntax:
 type: Specifies the data type of the array elements (for example, int or char).
 array name: Specifies the name of the array.
 Example:
int[] studentScores;

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Initializing array
 An array can be:
 Created using the new keyword and then initialized.
 Initialized at the time of declaration itself, in which case the new keyword is not used.

 Creating and initializing an array with the new keyword involves specifying the
size of an array.
 The number of elements stored in an array depends upon the specified size.
 The new keyword allocates memory to the array and values can then be assigned
to the array.
 If the elements are not explicitly assigned, default values are stored in the array.

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Initializing array
 The following syntax is used to initialize an array:
<array name> = new type[size-value];
 Or declare and initialize at the time:
type[] <array name> = new type[size-value];
var <array name> = new type[size-value];
 In the syntax:
 size-value: Specifies the number of elements in the array.
 You can specify a variable of type int that stores the size of the array instead of
directly specifying a value.

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Initializing array
 Examples:
studentScores = new int[30];
topTenProducts = new string[10];
….
 Important!
 Size of array CANNOT change after the array initialize
 To make sure you choose appropriate size for the array

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Initializing elements
 Once an array has been created using the syntax, its elements can be
assigned values using either a subscript or index
 Example:
 topTenProducts[0] = “Macbook Pro”; //// the 1st product
 topTenProducts[3] = “Dell Latitute”; //// the 4th product
 topTenProducts[10] = “HP Compact”; //// exception

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Initializing elements
 Others:
 topProducts = new string[3] { "Macbook Pro", "Dell Latitute", "HP Compact" };
• Question: can we make it shorter?

 topProducts = new string[] { "Macbook Pro", "Dell Latitute", "HP Compact" };

• Question: size of array?

 string[] topProducts = { "Macbook Pro", "Dell Latitute", "HP Compact" };

• Question: can we use var in this case?

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Get element from array
 Use index to access and get element
 Random access to any element in array
 Always check the boundary of array to avoid exception

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More type of array

Array

Single- Multi-
dimensional dimensional
array array

Rectangular
Jagged array
array

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Rectangular array
 A rectangular array is a n-dimensional array where size of each dimension
are equal.
 It usually used to represent matrix. It’s very important to help to resolve
math problems.
 Example:
 Linear Transformations
 Matrix-Vector Multiplication Algorithms
 Gaussian Elimination
 LU Factorization
 The Inverse Matrix

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Rectangular array
 Syntax:
 type [,]<variableName>;
 variableName = new type[value1 , value2];
 In the syntax:
 type: Specifies the data type of the array elements.
 [,]: Specifies that the array is a two-dimensional array.
 value1: Specifies the number of rows in the two-dimensional array.
 value2: Specifies the number of columns in the two-dimensional array.

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Rectangular array
 Assign and get element: based on index with dimension in order
 Example:
 Create a 2-dimensional array to store the matrix:

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Jagged array
 Is a multi-dimensional array and is referred to as an array of arrays.
 Consists of multiple arrays where the number of elements within each array
can be different. Thus, rows of jagged arrays can have different number of
columns.
 Optimizes the memory utilization and performance because navigating and
accessing elements in a jagged array is quicker as compared to other multi-
dimensional arrays.

60
Example
 Consider a class of 50 students
where each student has opted for
a different number of subjects.
 Here, you can create a jagged
array because the number of
subjects for each student varies.
 The following figure displays the
representation of jagged arrays:

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Jagged array
 Syntax and example:
 Use [][] instead of [,]
 Declare size one-by-one

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THANK YOU!

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