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Week 6 Review

The document provides information about an upcoming midterm exam for an electronic circuits course. It includes: - The midterm exam will be held next Tuesday from noon to 12:50pm in room B3250. - The exam will cover lectures from weeks 1 through 6 and labs 1 through 5. - The exam format will include multiple choice, short answer, and analysis/calculation questions. - Example topics that may be covered include sine waves, transformers, semiconductors, diodes, transistors, and operating point calculations. Sample problems are provided.

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VRAJ PRAJAPATI
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© © All Rights Reserved
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18 views

Week 6 Review

The document provides information about an upcoming midterm exam for an electronic circuits course. It includes: - The midterm exam will be held next Tuesday from noon to 12:50pm in room B3250. - The exam will cover lectures from weeks 1 through 6 and labs 1 through 5. - The exam format will include multiple choice, short answer, and analysis/calculation questions. - Example topics that may be covered include sine waves, transformers, semiconductors, diodes, transistors, and operating point calculations. Sample problems are provided.

Uploaded by

VRAJ PRAJAPATI
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electronic Circuits

ELCT 105

Review
Schedule for the midterm exam

• No new lecture on Friday this week, but I will be


in my office B3191 to answer your questions.
• Midterm exam will be on Tuesday next week,
from noon to 12:50 pm at B3250.
The content of the midterm exam

 25% for the midterm exam.


• Lectures from week 1 to week 6
• Labs from lab 1 to lab 5

The format of the midterm test

• Multiple choice questions


• Short answer questions
• Analysis & calculation.

3
Sine wave

5V/div
5ms/div

1. Peak value, Peak to Peak value, RMS and instantaneous value


2. Period, frequency
3. Angle
4. Math expression of a sine wave.

4
Transformer

• Transfer electric energy between two or more circuit through electromagnetic induction
• For AC circuit only

1. Transformer ratio: 3. Ideally

2. Complete formulae of a transformer

5
Example:
An transformer with a 600 turn primary connected to a 480V, 60 Hz supply
line needs to output 240 V from the secondary. If a 100 Ohms resistor is
connected across the secondary, determine:
A) How many turns the secondary must have to output the desire voltage.
B) The current through the resistor.
C) The current drawn through the primary.

6
P type and N type semiconductors
• Semiconductors are not good conductors
• Doping
• P type
• N type

7
Conductor, Semiconductor, Insulator

Conductor: a. Allow current to flow easily. b. Large number of free

electrons. c. Atoms have 1 to 3 valence electrons <4.

Semiconductor: a. Neither good conductor nor insulator. b. Atoms


have 4 valence electrons.

Insulator: a. Materials that do not conduct. b. Have very few free

electrons. c. Atoms have 5 or more valence electrons >4.

8
PN junction

• Depletion region is a high resistance region,


• The width of the depletion is controllable by external voltage.
9
Forward and Reverse bias of PN junction

• Conducting current in one direction/way only


10
I-V Characteristic of Diode

11
Equivalent circuits of PN junction
• Ideal Model

12
• Practical Model

Forward bias

13
Examples:

14
• Complete Model

Dynamic resistance:

15
Applications
1. Half-wave rectifier circuit

16
2. Full-wave rectifier circuit

a. Full-wave rectifier with center-tapped transformer

• DC output voltage is doubled


• Output frequency is also doubled
• With a capacitor
DC output voltage is increased, ripple voltage
is reduced

17
b. Full-wave bridge rectifier

• DC output voltage is doubled


• Output frequency is also doubled
• With a capacitor
DC output voltage is increased, ripple voltage
is reduced

18
LED

19
RGB and Seven Segment Display

Common Anode

20
Zener Diode

Zener diode can work both forward


and reverse biased, but usually it works
reverse biased. It can be used as voltage
regulator and voltage reference.
21
Equivalent circuits of zener diode

• Forward bias VD = 0.7V

• -VZ <VD <0.7C

• VD = VZ

22
Example:

23
Sketch waveforms

Waveform across the diode?

What is the output waveform?


24
BJT
BJT is a current controlled device, it has two PN junctions.

• Controlled switch: switch on (closed), switch off (open)


----- nonlinear region.

• Amplification ----- linear region.

25
Switching action of a transistor (Non-linear region)

a. Cutoff --- Switch open (off)


Both PN junctions are reverse biased
b. Saturation --- Switch closed (on)
Both PN junctions are forward biased, and

c b c
b

e e

VCC  VCE ( Sat )


VCE (Cutoff )  VCC I C ( Sat ) 
RL 26
Switching action of a transistor (Non-linear region)

c
b

e
ON: 5V
Off: 0V

27
Amplification ----- linear region

• Linear region: base emitter PN junction is forward biased


and base collector PN junction is reverse biased.

• This equation is valid.


28
Transistor Voltages & Currents Calculation
Please calculate IB, IC and IE; VC,VRB,VRC and VCB.
Assuming all of the resistances, DC voltages and current gain are
given and transistor is working in linear region.

1. The voltage drop across base-emitter junction is VBE= 0.7V

For the input loop: VBB, RB, and base-emitter junction.


We have:

(KVL) ……(1)
……(2)
(Replace VRB with IB xRB )

So, we have
29
And

For output loop: (VCC ,RC and VCE)


We have:

….(3)

Or

So:

30
The Operating Point Calculation
• For a linear operation amplifier, it is desirable to have the Q-point center in
the DC load line.
• VCEQ is the half of VCE and ICQ is the half of the IC(sat)
• When a circuit is designed to have a centered Q-Point, the amplifier is said
to be midpoint biased.
• Amplifier can have maximum output signal without distortion.

31
1. Operating Point Q (IB, IC and VCE ) calculation
2. Plot DC load line.

VCC  VBE
Input loop IB 
RB

Output loop

Q: (IB=?;,IC,=?; VCE=?) 32

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