FOUNDATIONS OF IOT

UNIT – II BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF AN IOT :

From M2M To IoT , M2M Towards IoT , IoT Value
Chains , An Emerging Industrial Structure For IoT.
 BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF AN IOT
 Network layer − the second stage of the iot consists of
network gateways and data acquisition systems. DAS
converts the analogue data (collected from sensors) into
APPLICATION LAYER
digital data. It also performs malware detection and data
management.
 Data processinsensing layer − the first stage of iot includes DATA PROCESSING LAYER
sensors, devices, actuators etc. Which collect data from the
physical environment, processes it and then sends it over the
network.
 G layer − the third stage of iot is the most important stage. NETWORK LAYER
Here, data is pre-processed on its variety and separated
accordingly. After this, it is sent to data centres. Here edge
IT comes into use.
 Application layer − the fourth stage of iot consists of SENSING LAYER
cloud/data centres where data is managed and used by
applications like agriculture, defence, health care etc.
INTRODUCTION
 M2M, or machine-to-machine, is a direct communication between devices using wired or wireless
communication channels.
 M2m refers to the interaction of two or more devices/machines that are connected to each other.
 The internet of things (iot) is the network of physical devices embedded with sensors, software
and electronics, enabling these devices to communicate with each other and exchange data over a
computer network.
 The things in the iot refer to hardware devices uniquely identifiable through a network platform
within the internet infrastructure.
 M2m is about machines( smartphones and appliances).
 The iot is about sensors( cyber-based physical systems, internet ).
From M2M to IoT:

M2M and IoT solutions will increase dramatically.

 Reasons for using M2M and IoT
 An increased need for understanding the physical environment in its various forms, from
industrial installations through to public spaces and consumer demands.
 The improvement of technology .
 Improved networking capabilities.
 Reduced costs of components and the ability to more cheaply collect and analyze the data they
produce
 M2M COMMUNICATION :
1. M2M refers to those solutions that allow communication between devices of the same type
and a specific application, all via wired or wireless communication networks.

2.The term M2M communication describes devices which are connected to the internet using
fixed/wireless networks and communicate with each other as well as with other devices on the
network.

 GENERIC M2M SOLUTION :

A typical M2M system solution consists of M2M devices, communication networks that provide
remote connectivity for the devices, service enablement and application logic, and integration of
the M2M application into the business processes provided by an information technology (IT)
system of the enterprise
 M2M system solution
M2M Networ Service APPLICATI Enterprise
Asset ON
device k enablement processes

The system components of an M2M solution are as follows:

 M2M device. - This is the M2M device attached to the asset of interest, and provides sensing and
actuation capabilities.
 Network - the purpose of the network is to provide remote connectivity between the m2m device and
the application-side servers. Many different network types can be used, and include both wide area
networks (wans) and local area networks (lans), sometimes also referred to as capillary networks or M2M
area networks.
M2m service enablement. - This component provides generic functionality that is common across a
number of different applications. Its primary purpose is to reduce cost for implementation and ease of
application development.
 M2m application. - The application component of the solution is a realization of the highly specific
monitor and control process. The application is further integrated into the overall business process system
of the enterprise.
KEY
APPLICATION :

 Telematics
 metering
 Rremote
monitoring
 Fleet management
 security
 air/ point of sales
IOT:

Connecting sensors and other devices to information and communication technology

(ICT) systems via wired or wireless networks.
It is an extension to the existing internet.
Iot also refers to the connection of such systems and sensors to the broader internet, as
well as the use of general internet technologies.
 Iot is about the technology, the remote monitoring, and control, and also about where
these technologies are applied.
 Examples:
urban agriculture.
Robots.
Food safety.
 M2M TOWARDS IOT:
A set of megatrends are combining to create needs and capabilities, which in turn produce a set
of IOT technology and business drivers.

M2M APPLICATION:
 Remote monitoring.
 Billing.
 Robotics
 Security
 Traffic control
 Telemedicine
 A comparison of the main characteristics of M2M and iot
M2M IOT

 M2M is about direct communication between machines.  IoT is about sensor automation and internet platform.

 It supports point to point communication.  It supports cloud communication.

 Devices do not necessarily rely on an internet connection.  Devices rely on an internet connection.

 It is mostly hardware based technology.  It is both hardware and software based technology.

 Machine normally communicate with a single machine at  Many users can access at one time over the internet .
a time.

 A device can connected through mobile or other network.  Data delivery depends on the Internet Protocol Network.
 IOT VALUE CHAINS:
 Iot value chains are about the use and reuse of data across value chains and across solutions.
 Iot value chains based on data are to some extent enabled by open APIS and the other open web-based
technologies.
 Open APIS allow for the knowledge contained within different technical systems to become unembedded.
 Creating the possibility for many different economic entities to combine and share their data as long as they have
a well-defined interface and description of how the data is formatted.

 Input and output of the value chains as follows:

 Inputs: the it has more inputs than for an M2M solution. It has the following :
 Devices/sensors: these are very similar to the M2M solution devices and sensors, and may in fact
be built on the same technology.
 Open data: open data is an increasingly important input to information value chains. Open data
defines it as: “A piece of data is open if anyone is free to use, reuse, and redistribute it.
 Oss/bss: the operational support systems and business support systems of mobile operator
networks are also important inputs to information value chains, and are being used increasingly in
tightly closed information marketplaces that allow operators to deliver services to enterprises.
 Corporate databases: companies of a certain size generally have multiple corporate databases
covering various functions, including supply chain management, payroll, accounting, etc. .
 Production/manufacture: in the production and manufacturing processes for data in
an iot solution, the raw inputs described above will undergo initial development into
information components and products. Some examples as follows:
 Asset information: asset information may include data such as temperature over time of
container during transit or air quality during a particular month.  Open data sets: open data
sets may include maps, rail timetables, or demographics about a certain area in a country or
city network information: network information relates to information such as GPS data,
services accessed via the mobile network, etc. . . .
 Corporate information: corporate information may be, for example, the current state of
demand for a particular product in the supply chain at a particular moment in time.
 Processing: during the processing stage, data from various sources is mixed together. The
data from the various inputs from the production and manufacture stage are combined
together to create information.
 Packaging: after the data from various inputs has been combined together, the packaging
section of the information value chain creates information components. These components
could be produced as charts or other traditional methods of communicating information to
end-users. Both the processing and packaging sections of the information-driven global value
chain (IGVC) are where information marketplaces will be developed
 Distribution/marketing: the final stage of the information value chain is the
creation of an information product. It has two main categories:

1. Information products for improving internal decision-making: these

information products are the result of either detailed information analysis that
allows better decisions to be made during various internal corporate processes,
or they enable the creation of previously unavailable knowledge about a
company’s products, strategy, or internal processes.
2. Information products for resale to other economic actors: these
information products have high value for other economic actors and can be sold
to them.
AN EMERGING INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE FOR IOT
 M2M and iot are about rapidly integrating data and workflows that form the basis of the
global economy at increasing speed and precision.
 Combined, these two technologies create a platform that will rapidly redefine the global
economy.
 In iot, new sets of system integrator capacity are required for two main reasons:
 Technical: the factors driving the technical revolution of these industries means
that the complexity of the devices in question require massive amounts of r&d;
as do semiconductors with large amounts of functionality built into the silicon.
partnerships between vendors.
 Financial: only those companies that are able to capture the added value created
in the emerging industrial structure will recoup enough money to re-invest in the
R&D required to participate in the systems integration market.
 A new type of value chain emerging _ one where the data gathered from sensors and
radio frequency identification (RFID) is combined with information from smartphones
that directly identifies a specific individual, their activities, their purchases, and preferred
method of communication.

 Search queries can be localized based on where a person is, and advertising can
be targeted directly to the end-user in question based on personalized
information about their age, level of education, employment, and taste.
ADVANTAGES OF IOT:
 Save time .
 Save money.
 Improve security.
 Communication.
 Automation and controlling.
DISADVANTAGE OF IOT:
 Security.
 Privacy.
 Complexity.
 Compatibility.
APPLICATIONS OF IOT:
 Smart cities.
 Home aytomation/smart home
 Health monitoring
 Smart environment
 IOT agriculture
 Smart retail
 IOT in healthcare