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Resrach Methodology

Research involves a systematic process of investigation to discover new facts or verify existing facts. It includes components like study, experimentation, observation, analysis and reasoning. The objectives of research are to discover new facts, verify important facts, analyze causes and effects, and develop new theories. Research is important as it helps understand various issues, identify applications of existing concepts, and discover novel phenomena. Some key stages of research include selecting a topic, defining the problem, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, designing the research, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting results.

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20 views

Resrach Methodology

Research involves a systematic process of investigation to discover new facts or verify existing facts. It includes components like study, experimentation, observation, analysis and reasoning. The objectives of research are to discover new facts, verify important facts, analyze causes and effects, and develop new theories. Research is important as it helps understand various issues, identify applications of existing concepts, and discover novel phenomena. Some key stages of research include selecting a topic, defining the problem, reviewing literature, formulating hypotheses, designing the research, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting results.

Uploaded by

Shazia Hanif
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Submitted to : Dr. Saima Gulzar

Submitted by: Ar. Amna Abdul Ghafoor

F2016228007

Ar-641-RESEARCH METODS 1
Research

“Research is a logical and systematic search for new and useful information on a
particular topic.”

Components of Research
study,
experiment,
observation,
analysis,
comparison
and reasoning

It’s a cyclic process, where an idea, issue, or problem goes through the above
mentioned phases continuously to be refined and relevant to the particular time.
Objectives of Research

To discover new facts

To verify and test important facts

To analyse an event or process or phenomenon to


identify the cause and effect relationship

To develop new scientific tools, concepts and


theories to solve and understand scientific and non
scientific problems
Importance of Research
To understand the daily life issues, their causes, solutions, explanations and
applications.

Research on existing theories and concepts help us identify the range and
applications of them.

Helps state in crafting welfare program cognizant of people’s needs.

Higher gain and productivity in business and industry.

Identification and characterization of new materials, new living things, etc.

novel phenomena and processes such as superconductivity and cloning have been
discovered only through research.

Social research helps find answers to social problems.

I beseech you to take interest in these sacred domains called laboratories. Ask that
there be more and that they be adorned for these are the temples of the future,
wealth and well-being. It is here that humanity will- Louis Pasteur said
Research Methods Vs Methodology

Essentially, the procedures by which


procedures, schemes and algorithms.
researchers go about their work of
theoretical procedures, experimental
describing, explaining and predicting
studies, numerical schemes, statistical
phenomena are called research
approaches
methodology
Selection of Research Method
(i) which is a suitable method for the chosen problem?,

(ii) what is the order of accuracy of the result of a method?,

(iii) what is the efficiency of the method?

Process of Research Methodology

(1) Why is a particular research study undertaken?


(2) How did one formulate a research problem?
(3) What types of data were collected?
(4) What particular method has been used?
(5) Why was a particular technique of analysis of data used?
TYPES OF RESEARCH
1. Fundamental or basic research

Basic research is an investigation on basic principles and


reasons for occurrence of a particular event or process or
phenomenon. It is also called theoretical research

2. Applied research

In an applied research one solves certain problems


employing well known and accepted theories and
principles. Most of the experimental research, case
studies and inter-disciplinary research are essentially
applied research.
Difference between basic and applied researches
Applied research
Basic research •Studies individual or specific cases
without the objective to generalize
•Seeks generalization
•Aims at any variable which makes
•Aims at basic processes the desired differences
•Attempts to explain why •Tries to say how things can be
things happen changed
•Tries to get all the facts •Tries to correct the facts which are
problematic
•Reports in technical language
of the topiccentur •Reports in common language
Quantitative and Qualitative Method

• It is numerical, non- • It is non-numerical, descriptive,


descriptive, applies statistics applies reasoning and uses words.
or mathematics and uses
numbers. • Its aim is to get the meaning,
feeling and describe the situation.
• It is an iterative process
whereby evidence is • Qualitative data cannot be
evaluated. graphed.

• The results are often • It is exploratory.


presented in tables and
graphs. • It investigates the why and how
of decision making
• It is conclusive.

• It investigates the what,


where and when of decision
making
VARIOUS STAGES OF A RESEARCH
1. Selection of a research topic

2. Definition of a research problem

3. Literature survey and reference collection

4. Assessment of current status of the topic chosen

5. Formulation of hypotheses

6. Research design

7. Actual investigation

8. Data analysis

9. Interpretation of result

10. Report
Identification of a Research Topic and Problems

Some sources of identification of a research topic and problems are the


following:

(1) Theory of one’s own interest

(2) Daily problems

(3) Technological changes

(4) Recent trends

(5) Unexplored areas

(6) Discussion with experts and research supervison


LITERATURE SURVEY

(1) the journals which publish abstracts of papers published in

various journals,

(2) review articles related to the topic chosen,

(3) journals which publish research articles,

(4) advanced level books on the chosen topic,

(5) proceedings of conferences, workshops, etc.,

(6) reprint/preprint collections available with the supervisor and

nearby experts working on the topic chosen and

(7) Internet
• Reference collection and keeping the collected materials have to be
systematic.

• Unless they are organized with utmost care and discipline, one
would end up in chaos.

• Materials can be classified as facts, ideas, views and opinions,


expert comments, new breakthroughs, quotes, journal papers,
review articles, etc.

• It is better to have multiple copies of important materials. At


various stages of research one may refer to numerous journal
articles, books and web sites.

• Based on the present work and future plan one has to select the
relevant materials from the available collection.
Advantages of online questionnaire are:

Low-cost delivery and return.


Wide potential coverage.
Ease of completion.
Submission and data capture.
Appropriateness to particular populations.
High respondent acceptance for some groups.

Potential difficulties include:

The paucity of methodological literature.


Appropriateness to research aims.
Target population.
Technical difficulties.
Sampling and response rates.
Hypotheses
are scientifically reasonable predictions. They are often stated in terms of
if or then sentences in certain logical forms.

An hypothesis should have conceptual clarity and a theoretical


orientation.

Further, it should be testable.

It should be stated in a suitable way so that it can be tested by


investigation
The Attributes of a Research Scholar

Any researcher should be motivated by a noble goal.

• Self-confidence
• Dedication and Concentration
• Determination
• Analytical mind and Scientific discipline
• Global outlook and Innovative approach
• Originality and Intellectual curiosity
• Freedom from the obsessions of clock and calendar
• Flexibility and Keen observation
• Intelligence
• Passion for knowledge
• Spirit of enquiry and Insight
• Precision and accuracy
• Persistence • Patience • Social skills
• Presentation skills • Writing skills
Common errors made in research.
(1) Selective observation

(2) Inaccurate observation

(3) Over-generalization

(4) Made-up information

(5) Ex post facto hypothesizing

(6) Illogical reasoning

(7) Ego involvement in understanding

(8) Premature closure of inquiry

(9) Mystification
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
Interpretation refers to the task of drawing inferences from the actual
research work. It also means drawing of conclusion. Conclusion is based on
the study performed. It would bring out relations and processes that
underlie the findings.

(1) links the present work to the previous,

(2) leads to identification of future problems,

(3) opens new avenues of intellectual adventure and stimulates the quest for

more knowledge,

(4) makes others understand the significance of the research findings and

(5) often suggests a possible experimental verification.

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