GENERAL MATHEMATICS

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
WHEN WE SAY EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTION, WHAT DOE IT
MEAN?
 1. Define exponential function, exponential
equation and exponential inequalities.
OBJECTIVES 2. Distinguish among exponential function,
exponential equation and exponential
inequalities.
3. Know the concept of exponential
functions,
4. Differentiate exponential growth and
decay, and
5. Represent real - life situations using
exponential functions
 Exponential functions occur in
various real-world situations.
Exponential functions are used to
model real-life situations such as
EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTION population growth, radioactive
decay, carbon dating, growth of an
epidemic, loan interest rates, and
investments.
 Some things can be counted by
multiplying continually. Recall the
EXPONENTIAL concept of geometric sequence (or
FUNCTION progression) studied in Grade 10 in
which each term after the first is
obtained by multiplying the preceding
term by a non-zero constant called the
common ratio.
Symbolically, if is the first term and is the common ratio,
then a, ar, , … form geometric sequence.
 Bacteria reproduce by splitting,
doubling the number of bacterial cells.
FOR If there are 7 cells and a doctor is
EXAMPLE:
examining the bacteria, after a certain
time, there will be 14 cells…then 28…
then 56, etc. The terms 7, 14, 28, 56, …
can be written in factored form or
exponential form as shown in the table:
 Term In Factored Form In Exponential Form
=7 7 7x
= 14 7x2 7x
= 28 7x2x2 7x
= 56 7x2x2x2 7x
  

This means that if there are 7 bacteria initially

and doubles after a certain time, then there will
be 7 x
after units of time.
In general, given the first term and the
common ratio is r of a geometric sequence, then
the nth term of the sequence is = .
To help you understand exponential functions, do
the following activity.
Materials: One 2-meter of string, a pair of scissors
(a) At step 0, there is 1 string.
(b) At step 1, fold the string into two equal parts
and then cut at the middle. How many strings
of equal length do you have? Enter your
answer in the table below.
(c) At step 2, again fold each of the strings
equally and then cut. How many strings of
equal length do you have? Enter your answer
in the table below.
(d) Continue the process until the table is
completely filled-up.
Step
Numbe
r of
Strings
Questions:
(a) What pattern can be observed from
the data?
(b) Define a formula for the number of
strings as a function of the step
number.
Definition:
An exponential expression is an
expression of the form 𝒂 ∙ 𝒃 𝒙− 𝒄 + 𝒅,
where (𝒃 > 𝟎, 𝒃 ≠ 𝟏).
The definitions of exponential equations,
inequalities and functions are shown
below.
 Exponential Exponential Exponential
Equation Inequality Function
Definition An equation An equality Function of the
involving involving form f(x) = b^x
exponential exponential (b > 0, ≠ 1)
expressions expression
Example = 1/343 - ≤0 f(x) = (1.8)^x
or
Y = (1.8)^x
An exponential equation or inequality can be solved for
all 𝑥 values that satisfy the equation or inequality. An
exponential function expresses a relationship between two
variables (such as 𝑥and 𝑦), and can be represented by a table
of values or a graph.
Solved the Following
Determine whether the given is an exponential function,
an exponential equation, an exponential inequality, or
none of these.
1. 𝑓( 𝑥) = 5 𝑥 2
2. 2 ≥ ( 1 2 )^x
3. 7 4 𝑥 = 𝑦
4. 4(100^( 𝑥−2) ) = 500
5. 7 < 49^( 𝑥+3)
6. 𝑦 = 0.5^x
Answer:

1. None of these
2. Exponential Inequality
3. Exponential Function
4. Exponential Equation
5. Exponential Inequality
6. Exponential Function
 Definition: An exponential function
with the base b is a function of the
form f(x) = b^x or y = b^x or where
b > 0, b≠1
The base 𝑏 is restricted to positive real
numbers to ensure that f(x) is always a
real number. Also, base 𝑏 cannot be equal
to 1, for if 𝑏 = 1 , then 𝑓( 𝑥) = 1, and it
will be a constant function.
Example 1:
Complete the Table of values for x = -3, -
2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 for the exponential
function y = , y = , y = (

X -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y= 27 9 3 1 1/3 1/9 1/27
y= 1/1000 1/100 1/10 1 10 100 1000
y=( 1.953125 1.5625 1.25 1 0.8 0.64 0.512
Example 2:
If f(x) = 3^x, evaluate f(2), f(-2), f(1/2), f(0.4)
and f(π)
F(2) = 3^2 = 9
F(-2) = 3^-2 = 1/3^2 = 1/9
F(1/2) = 3^1/2 =
F(0.4) = 3^0.4 = 3^2/5 = =
Since π = 3.14159 is irrational, the rules
for rational exponents are not applicable.
We define using rational numbers: f(x) = 3^ π can
be approximated by 3^3.14 Intuitively, one can
obtain any level of accuracy for 3^ π by
considering sufficiently more decimal places of .
Mathematically, it can be proved that these
approximations approach a unique value, which
we define to be 3^π
Definition Let b be a positive number not
equal to 1. A transformation of an
exponential function with base b is a
function of the form . where , and are real
numbers.
F(x) = a* + d
Where a, c, and d are real numbers.
 There are many real-life situations
that can be represented using
exponential functions and their
transformations. Some of them are
population growth, exponential
decay, and compound interest.
Population Growth
Population Growth
On several instances, scientists will start
with a certain number of bacteria or animals
and watch how the population grows. For
example, if the population doubles every 3
days, then this can be represented as an
exponential function.
Example 3.
Let t = time in hours At t=0,
there were initially 20 bacteria.
Suppose that the bacteria double
every 100 hours. Give an
exponential model for the bacteria
as a function of t.
Solution:
Initially At t=0 Number of bacteria = 20
At t=100 Number of bacteria = 20*2
At t=200 Number of bacteria = 20*
At t=300 Number of bacteria = 20*

An exponential model for this situation is y= 20(2).

Exponential Model for Population Growth
Suppose a quantity y doubles every T units of time.
If is the initial amount, then the quantity y after t units
of time is given by
Y=
Radioactive Decay
The disintegration of substances is another
situation that shows exponential change. Each
hour, a fraction of the atoms of a radioactive
substance randomly changes into different atoms,
i.e. they decay.

Definition:
The half-life of a substance is the time it takes for
half of the substance to decay.
Radioactive Decay
Example 4.
Suppose that the half-life of a certain
radioactive substance is 10 days and there are 10
g initially.
(a) Determine the amount of substance remaining
after 30 days,
(b) give an exponential model for the amount of
remaining substance.
Solution:
: We use the fact that the mass is halved every 10
days (from the definition of half-life). Let t= time
in days. Thus, we have
Initially
At t=0, Amount of substance = 10g
At t=10, Amount of substance = 10(g = 5g
At t=20 Amount of substance = 10g = 2.5g
At t=20 Amount of substance = 10g = 1.25g
(a) The amount of substance remaining after 30
days is 1.25g

(b) An exponential model for this situation is y=

10
Exponential Model for Radioactive Decay
If the half-life of a substance is units, and
is the amount of the substance corresponding
to t=0 then the amount of substance remaining
after t units of time is given by

Y=
Compounded Interest
 Compounded Interest A starting amount of
money (called the principal) can be invested at a
certain interest rate that is earned at the end of a
given period of time (such as one year). If the
interest rate is compounded, the interest earned
at the end of the period is added to the principal,
and this new amount will earn interest in the next
period. The same process is repeated for each
succeeding period: interest previously earned will
also earn interest in the next period.
Example 5.
Mrs. Dela Cruz invested Php
100,000.00 in a company that offers 6%
interest compounded annually. Define an
exponential model for this situation. How
much will this investment be worth at the
end of each year for the next five years?
Solution: Let be the time in years. Then we have:
Initially
At t = 0, Amount of investment =100,000
At t =1, Amount o f investment = 100,000 100,000(0.06)
= 100,000 (1+0.06)
= 106,000
At t=2, Amount of investment = 100,000 (1+0.06)
= 100,000 (1+0.06) + 100,000 (1+0.06)(0.06)
= 100,000 (1+0.06)(1+0.06)
= 100,000 (1+0.06)^2
= 112,360
At t=3, Amount of investment = 100,000 (1+0.06)^2
= 100,000 (1+0.06)^2 + 100,000 (1+0.06)^2(0.06)
= 100,000 (1+0.06)^2 (1+0.06)
= 100,000 (1+0.06)^3
= 119,101.60
Following the pattern, we can simply solve a certain
amount of investment at period of time.

At t=4, Amount of investment 100,000 (1 + 0.06)^4

= 126,247.70
At t=5, Amount of investment 100,000 (1 + 0.06)^5
= 133,822.56
 An exponential model for this situation is A=
100,000 (1+0.06)^t or simply A= 100,000
(1.06)^t.

Exponential Model for Compounded Interest

If a principal is invested at an annual rate of ,
compounded annually, then the amount after
years is given by

A= P(1+r)^t
Example 6:
Referring to Example 5, is it possible
for Mrs. Dela Cruz to double her money
in 8 years? 10 years?
Solution:
Using exponential model A= 100,000(1.06)^t, we
substitute t=8 and t=10:

If t=8, A= 100,000(1.06)^8 = 159,384.81

If t=10, A= 100,000(1.06)^10 = 179,084.77

Since Mrs. Dela Cruz money still has NOT reached

200,000 after 10 years, then she has not doubled her
money during this time
 The
Natural Exponential Function
 Some situations can be modeled using the
exponential function with base e, an irrational
number whose value is approximately 2.71828. At
this point, we will just rely on the scientific
calculator to obtain further decimal expansion of
e.
Definition
The natural exponential function is a function
defined
F(x)= e^x
by for all real numbers.
Example 7.

A radioactive substance is decaying according to

the function y=500e^-0.02t, where y milligram is
the amount present in t years from now. How
much will be left after 10 years?
Solution:

Substitute t=10 to the given function.

Using a scientific calculator, we have
y=500e^-0.2 = 409
Performance Task
Give the exponential functions, complete
the table of values for x = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2
X -2 -1 0 1 2
Y= 0.1^x
Y= 3^x
Y=
(2/5)^x
Assessment Task
Use a scientific calculator to answer this activity.

A large slab of meat is taken from the refrigerator

and placed in a pre-heated oven. The temperature T of
the slab t minutes after being placed in the oven is given
by T= 170 – 165e^-0.0023t degree Celsius. Construct a
table of values for the following values of t: 0, 10, 20,
30, 40, 50, 60, and interpret your results. Round off
values to the nearest integer
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