DIGESTIVE SYSTEM-1

ISTANBUL UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF MEDICINE

DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY

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 Function of the digestive
system
· Ingestion: taking food and liquid into
mouth
· Secretion: total about 7 liter into lumen
· Mixing and propulsion: through GI
muscle and peristalsis and motility
· Digestion: Breakdown of ingested food
(mechanical and chemical)
· Absorption: Passage of nutrients into the
blood
· Metabolism: Production of cellular
energy (ATP)
· Defecation: waste substance leave the
GI tract through anus
Organs of the Digestive
System
Two main groups

· Alimentary canal or gastrointestinal tract

– continuous hollow tube from mouth to anus
(5-7 meter)
· Accessory digestive organs:
teeth ,tongue,salivary
glands ,liver ,gallbladder ,and pancreas
Organs of the Alimentary
Canal

· Mouth
· Pharynx
· Esophagus
· Stomach
· Small intestine
· Large intestine
· Anus
Mouth (Oral Cavity) Anatomy

• The first part of the digestive system that contains the structures
necessary for mastication and speech; teeth, tongue and salivary
glands.
Mouth (Oral Cavity) Anatomy
· Vestibule – space between lips externally and teeth and gums internally.
· Oral cavity – area contained by the teeth.
· Tongue – attached at hyoid bone, mandible, larynx.
• Lips (labia) – protect the anterior opening
• Cheeks – form the lateral walls and helps chewing
· Hard palate – forms the anterior roof
· Soft palate – forms the posterior roof
· Uvula – fat projection of the soft palate
 Tongue
· The tongue is the central part of the oral cavity. It’s a muscular organ
whose base is attached to the floor of the oral cavity, whilst its apex is free
and mobile.
· Enables taste sensation, chewing, swallowing and speaking.
 Salivary glands

Salivary glands play an important role in

digestion because they make saliva. Saliva helps
moisten food so we can swallow it more easily.

Drain into oral cavity.

Parotid gland: In the parotid fossa,

Submandibular gland: Sitting most

posteriorly in the submandibular triangle,

Sublingual gland: The smallest salivary

gland sits beneath the oral mucosa in the floor of
the mouth.
Teeth
Teeths help you bite and grind
food up before swallowing it.
(mechanical breakdown)
– Incisors used for cutting
– Canines used for stabbing
and holding
– Molars large surface area
used for grinding
• Primary or deciduous
teeth 20
• Secondary or permanent
teeth 32
 Pharynx
• The pharynx, more commonly known as the throat, is a 12-14 cm, long
tube extending behind the nasal and oral cavities until the voice box (
larynx) and the esophagus.
• Essentially, it forms a continuous muscular passage for air, food, and
liquids to travel down from your nose and mouth to your lungs and
stomach.
Pharynx
Based on its anterior relations, the
pharynx consists of three regions:
•Nasopharynx - posterior to the
nasal cavity
•Oropharynx - posterior to the oral
cavity
•Laryngopharynx- posterior to the
larynx
 Pharynx Function
· Serves as a passageway for air and
food
· Food is propelled to the esophagus by
two muscle layers
· Food movement is by alternating
contractions of the muscle layers
(peristalsis)
Oesophagus
• The esophagus (oesophagus) is a
25 cm long fibromuscular tube
extending from the pharynx(C6
level) to the stomach (T11 level)
via the oesophageal hiatus of
diaphragm.

· Conducts food by peristalsis

(slow rhythmic squeezing):

· Passageway for food only

Peristalsis in Esophagus
Muscles Muscles contract
contract,
constricting Muscles relax
passageway
and pushing
bolus down

Muscles relax, Muscles contract

allowing
passageway
to open
Muscles
relax
 Stomach Anatomy

· Located on the left side of the

abdominal cavity

· Food enters at the

cardioesophageal sphincter

Site where food is churned into chyme

Protein digestion begins
• The stomach is the most dilated part of the digestive system, lying
between the esophagus and duodenum.
• The main function of the stomach is mechanical and chemical
digestion of ingested food.
• Once a protein source reaches your stomach, hydrochloric acid and
enzymes called proteases break it down into smaller chains of amino
acids.
Regions of the stomach;
· Cardiac region – near the heart
· Fundus
· Body
· Phylorus –terminal end

Food empties into the

small intestine at
the pyloric sphincter
• Along the lesser curvature of the stomach, a temporary, continuous
furrow called gastric canal is formed between the gastric folds.
This facilitates the passage of saliva and fluids during swallowing.
· Rugae – internal gastric
folds of the mucosa

· Lesser curvature

· Greater curvature
Layers of peritoneum attached to the
Stomach

· Lesser omentum – attaches the liver

to the lesser curvature

· Greater omentum – attaches the

greater curvature
 Stomach Functions

· Acts as a storage tank for food

· Site of food breakdown and
mixing
· Chemical breakdown of protein
begins
· Delivers chyme (processed
food) to the
small intestine
Small İntestine

The small intestine is the specialized tubular structure

between the stomach and the large intestine that absorbs
the nutrition from your food. The parts of small
intestine are:

• Duodenum
• Jejenum
• İleum
The principal function of the small intestine is to break down food, absorb
nutrients needed for the body, and get rid of the unnecessary components.

It also plays a role in the immune system, acting as a barrier to a multitude of

flora that inhabits the gut and to make sure no harmful bacteria enter the body.
• The ileum is the last and longest part of the small intestine.
• The ileum terminates at the ileal orifice (ileocecal junction) where the
cecum of the large intestine begins.
 Large Instestine

The large intestine is the last part of the gastrointestinal

(GI) tract, the long, tube-like pathway that food travels
through your digestive system.

It follows from the small intestine and ends at the anal

canal, where food waste leaves your body.
• The large intestine, also called the large bowel, is where food waste is
formed into poop, stored, and finally excreted. It includes the colon,
rectum and anus. Sometimes “colon” is also used to describe the
entire large intestine.
The parts of large intestinum:
- Caecum (apendix verviformis)
- Colon
- Rectum
- Anal canal
Apendix vermiformis
• The appendix has been found to play a role in immune function. It is
also said to produce early defences that help prevent serious infections
in humans
Apendicitis
• Appendicitis occurs when the appendix becomes inflamed and filled
with pus.
• Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix.
• Appendicitis causes pain in the lower right abdomen.
Rectum
• The rectum is the last part of the large intestine. The primary function
of the rectum is to collect and hold your poop until it's time to release
it.
• The rectum is the last stop before the feces is eliminated through the
anal canal.
• A rectal examination is where a doctor or nurse uses their finger to
check for any problems inside your bottom (rectum). It's usually very
quick and you should not feel any pain.

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUwLRtJN4Aw
Anal Canal
• The anal canal is the last part of the gastrointestinal tract.
• The anal canal is an important part of the continence organ. It is
surrounded by a muscular sphincter system which tightly closes the
lumen.
• Anus is the orifis at end of your large intestine — the last three or four
centimeters of it. This is where your large intestine opens to the
outside to let your poop come out.
Liver
• The liver consists of 2 main lobes. Both are made up of 8 segments
that consist of 1,000 lobules (small lobes).
• Located on right side of abdomen
What is the Function of the Liver?

• Filtration.
• Digestion.
• Metabolism and Detoxification.
• Protein synthesis.
• Storage of vitamins and minerals.
• Bile is a fluid that is made and released by the liver and stored in the
gallbladder.
Pancreas
• The pancreas is an abdominal glandular organ with
both digestive (exocrine) and hormonal (endocrine) functions.
• It lies transversely, although a bit obliquely, on the posterior
abdominal wall behind the stomach.
Function
• Insulin is released from the beta cells in your pancreas in response to
rising glucose in your bloodstream.
• The pancreas releases glucagon when the amount of glucose in the
bloodstream is too low.
Peritoneum
• The peritoneum is the serous membrane that lines the abdominal
cavity.
• The peritoneum serves to support the organs of the abdomen and acts
as a conduit for the passage of nerves, blood vessels, and
lymphatics. Two main peritoneum;
-Lesser omentum
-Greater omentum
The digestive system tract
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