‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحیم‬

Wastewater Engineering and Sanitation

Kandahar University

Engineering Faculty

Water and Environmental Engineering Department

Chapter # 1 Introduction to Wastewater Engineering and
Sanitation
2 Contents

1. Wat. San. & Hygiene in Afghanistan

2. Introduction to wastewater Engineering

3. The purpose of providing sanitation

4. Importance of Sanitary Engineering

5. Elements of sewage (wastewater) management system

6. Necessity of sewage (wastewater) treatment system

7. Requirement of a wastewater management system

8. Principles of Sanitation

9. Conclusion
 3 Introduction to Water Utilities

Water utilities have 3 main jobs:

• Manage water found in lakes, rivers, and other
places

• Treat (“clean”) water so that it is disinfected and

safe to drink and use

• Send clean water to the public through water pipes

 4 Water Utilities & Source Water

Water utilities’ 1st job is to oversee water in nature

(“source water”). Source water is either:

• surface water (lakes, rivers, reservoirs), found above

the Earth’s surface

• Groundwater (found below the Earth’s surface;

sometimes also called an “aquifer”)

• Source water is unsafe to drink.

5 From Source to Utility

How source water gets to the

water utility
• Pumping
• Gravity
 6 Water Utilities & Water Treatment

Water utilities’ 2nd job is to “treat” source water

• Source water cleaned and disinfected

• Water becomes safe

• Safe water is called “Potable”

 7 Water Utilities & Water Distribution

Water utilities’ 3rd job is to deliver

clean, disinfected water

• Water moves through a series of

pipes

• Connected pipes = the “water

system infrastructure”
8 How Water Works: from source to you
 9
How Water Works: from source to you

1a and 1b in this picture shows water at its

source. In this case the sources include a
reservoir and a river

2 shows the water treatment plant where the

source water is cleaned and disinfected

The red arrow shows water moving from its

source to the treatment plant for cleaning and
disinfection
 10 How Water Works: from source to you
Item 3 shows you an elevated tank.
The elevated tank stores clean,
disinfected drinking water that
comes from the treatment plant
shown in 2
In 4, you see large pipes called
distribution mains.
Distribution mains carry water from
the treatment plant or storage tank
to service lines. They also provide
water to hydrants for fire protection.
11
12
 Water, Sanitation & Hygiene in Afghanistan,
November, 2011
Total population with access to safe drinking water 48 %
Rural population ….. 39 %
Urban population …. 78 %
Total population … sanitation 37 %
Rural population ... . sanitation 30 %
13 Urban population ... sanitation 60 %
Schools with access to improved water sources 55 %
Schools with access to improved sanitation 50 %
14 Water, Sanitation & Hygiene in Afghanistan,
November, 2011 continue

 Afghanistan has a population of 29 million, with 79% of the population

living in rural areas. Only 27% of its population has access to better-quality
water sources, and it goes down to 20% in rural areas, the lowest percentage
in the world.

 In Kabul, with a population of 6 million, 80% of the people lack access to

safe drinking water, and 95% lack access to improved sanitation facilities.
15 Introduction to Wastewater Engineering
 For having a healthy society, delivery of safe sanitation is necessary.

 Water Supply Engineering deals with procurement of water, its

purification and distribution to the public.

 Wastewater Engineering includes collection till its treatment and safe

disposal.

 The importance of wastewater engineering is due to 80% of water

used by the community comes out of houses.
16 Introduction to Wastewater Engineering cont…

Wastewater Engineering: The branch of engineering which deals with

the removal and disposal of the sewage (liquid wasted) without
causing any trouble to the community is called Sanitary Engineering
(wastewater engineering).
17
Introduction to Wastewater Engineering cont…
Wastewater Engineering or (Sanitary Engineering) is a branch of Public
Health Engineering which deals with all aspects of provision of sanitation
facilities such as:

 Collection
 Conveyance
 Treatment and
 Disposal of sewage or wastewater
8 The purpose of providing sanitation

 To maintain such environments which do not effect the public health.

 To dispose the human excreta to a safe place by a safe and protective means.

 The correct sitting and proper orientation of buildings provide better living for
the inhabitant.

 To dispose of all liquid waste generated from community to a proper place to

prevent a satisfactory condition for mosquito breeding, fly developing or
bacteria growing.
19 The purpose of sanitation con…

• To treat the sewage, as per needs, so as not to endanger the body of water or
groundwater or land to get polluted where it is finally disposed off.
• Sanitary engineering has contributed to the growth of cities.
20 Importance of Sanitary Engineering

1) General developments of the city

2) Protecting water supplies from pollution

3) Collecting and disposing the waste of the city

4) Removing rain water from town

5) Maintaining good environments for public

6) Preventing the pollution of natural streams etc

7) Preventing the occurrence of disease e.g. malaria, typhoid etc.

21 Definition of important terms

1. Sanitary Engineering: It is a branch of Public health Engineering which deals with all the aspects of
provision of sanitation facilities, such as collection, conveyance, treatment and disposal of sewage
as well as solid waste.

2. Sanitation: It is a science of preserving health of the public by removing human excreta.

3. Refuse: The term of refuse is used to indicate waste or material rejected or left as worthless and
divided into seven categories.

4. Garbage: Includes all sorts of putrescible organic waste obtained from kitchens of residential
building, hotels, restaurants etc.

5. Rubbish: Includes all combustible and non-combustible solid wastes.

22 Definition of important terms count…

6. Sullage: The term of sullage is used to indicate the wastewater from bath room, kitchen, sinks,
wash basins, washing places.
7. Sewage: The term sewage is used to indicate the liquid waste or waste water from community.
 Domestic sewage or sanitary sewage
 Combined sewage
 Crude sewage or Raw sewage
 Dilute or weak sewage
 Fresh sewage
 Industrial sewage

8. Sub-soil water: Indicate the groundwater which find its entry into sewers through leaks.
23 Definition of important terms count…

9. Storm water: Indicate the rain water of the locality.

10. Night soil: It is a term used to indicate the human and animal excreta.

11. Sewer: It is an underground conduit or drain through which sewage is carried.

 Separate sewer
 Storm water sewer
 Combined sewer
 Main sewer or Trunk sewer
 Branch sewer or Sub-main sewer
24 Definition of important terms count…
 Lateral sewer
 House sewer
 Outfall sewer
 Intercepting sewer
 Relief or overflow sewer
 Depressed sewer

12. Invert: The lowest portion of the internal cross section of a sewer or a drain.

13. Sewerage: It is a process of removing sewage

25 Definition of important terms count…
14. Sewerage system: It is a system or a network of sewer constructed to carry sewage
• Separate system
• Partially separate system
• Combined system

15. Bacteria: primitive micro-organisms

16. Aerobic bacteria: The bacteria which thrive only in the presence of oxygen and light.

17. Anaerobic bacteria: The bacteria which thrive only in the absent of oxygen and light.

18. Facultative bacteria: The bacteria which can thrive with or without oxygen .
26 Elements of sewage management system

The various elements of sewage management system are mentioned below:

1.Source of sewage (wastewater).
2.On-site processing
3.Collection of sewage
4.Transmission of sewage
5.Treatment of sewage
6.Disposal of treated sewage
27 Elements of sewage management system cont…

1. Source of sewage (wastewater). The various sources in a community are:

 Residential,
 Commercial establishments, and
 Industries
2. On-site processing: Involves the pre-treatment facilities
 Flow equalization of sewage before discharge to a collection system It is
mainly necessary for industrial sewage
28 Elements of sewage management system cont…

3. Collection of sewage: Involves facilities for collection of sewage from

individual sources in a community.

4. Transmission of sewage, involves facilities: To pump and transport collected

sewage to process and treatment sites.

5. Treatment of sewage, involves facilities: For treatment of sewage

6. Disposal of treated sewage, involves facilities: For disposal of treated effluent

and residual solids resulting from treatment.
29 Necessity of sewage treatment system

Before the sewage creates problem to public health the treatment of sewage is
divided in to five parts:
 Preliminary treatment

 Primary treatment

 Secondary treatment

 Disinfection

 Disposal of sewage sludge

30 Necessity of sewage treatment system cont…

1. Preliminary treatment consists of removing:

 Floating material
 Heavy settle able solids by screening

The action in this case is purely mechanical.

2. Primary treatment consists of removing:

 Suspended organic solids by sedimentation
 Preliminary treatment is not given, then primary treatment will act for both inorganic and
organic solid

The action in this case is also purely mechanical

31 Necessity of sewage treatment system cont…

3) Secondary treatment (biological T.) consists of removing:

 Organic material matter by biological process involving aerobic as well as
anaerobic bacteria

 Sometimes it may given tertiary treatment as well for removing pollutants not
removed in primary and secondary treatment such as (phosphorous and nitrogen)

4) Disinfection consists of applying:

 Chlorine to sewage to destroy the disease producing organisms.
32 Necessity of sewage treatment system cont…

5) Disposal of sewage sludge consists of:

 Digestion or decomposition of sludge in absence of oxygen

 Produced gas can be utilized as fuel for generating power
 Digested sludge is subject to dewatering either
 Drying
 Natural or chemical
 Mechanical
33 Requirement of a wastewater management system

Various requirement of wastewater treatment system:

1) No health hazard
2) High degree of pathogen destruction should achieve
3) Treated effluent should be safe for reuse in:
 Aquaculture

 Agriculture

 Industrial cooling

 Groundwater recharge

 Discharged to natural stream should not pollute

34 Requirement of a wastewater management system cont…

4) No objectionable odour is released

5) The system should operate with minimum difficulties

6) The system should have minimum capital cost

35 Principles of Sanitation

The principles which provide better living conditions for the inhabitants are called
principles of Sanitation. These may include:

a) Collection: The waste must be collected as soon as it is formed as explained above.

b) Conveyance: The collected waste is removed by providing underground conduits up

to the disposal works so that it may not create nuisance to the public.
36 Principles of Sanitation cont…

c) Building Orientation: It should provide fresh air and sufficient light in all the
rooms of a building.

d) Damp must be prevented.

e) Water Requirements: The water must be sufficient otherwise it will create

unhealthy conditions in the area.

f) Disposal: The sewage must be disposed off in a satisfactory manner after making it
harmless.
37

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