Group 4 Presentation

DNA and RNA

DNA and RNA
DNA and RNA are essential molecules that play crucial roles in the
storage and expression of genetic information. They carry the
instructions that are vital for the growth, development, and
functioning of all living organisms. DNA and RNA are very similar
molecules. Both are types of nucleic acid, both contain genetic
information, and both can be found in the nuclei of cells.
Differences of DNA and RNA
DNA
-DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, carries genetic information in a
double-stranded helical structure and is the chemical basis of
heredity.

RNA
-RNA, or ribonucleic acid, typically carries out the instructions
encoded in DNA and plays a crucial role in the synthesis of
proteins.
What is DNA?
DNA consists of two long chains of nucleotides twisted into a
double helix and is composed of four nucleotide bases: adenine,
guanine, cytosine, and thymine. DNA is a group of molecules
that is responsible for carrying and transmitting the hereditary
materials or the genetic instructions from parents to offsprings.
 Types Of DNA

1.A-DNA 2.B-DNA 3.Z-DNA

-It is a right-handed double -This is the most common -Z-DNA is a left-handed DNA where the
helix similar to the B-DNA DNA conformation and is a double helix winds to the left in a zig-zag
form. Dehydrated DNA takes right-handed helix. The pattern. It was discovered by Andres
an A form that protects the majority of DNA has a B type Wang and Alexander Rich. It is found
DNA during extreme conformation under normal ahead of the start site of a gene and hence,
conditions such as desiccation. physiological conditions. is believed to play some role in gene
Protein binding also removes regulation.
the solvent from DNA, and the
DNA takes an A form.

4.Mitochondrial DNA
-DNA found in the mitochondria, responsible for energy production in cells. It is
separate from genomic DNA and is maternally inherited.
Structure of DNA
 Structure Of DNA

1.Sugar Phosphate 2.Base Pair 3.Nitrogenous Bases

backbone -A base pair consists of two -A nitrogenous base is an
-A phosphate backbone is the complementary DNA nucleotide bases organic molecule that contains
portion of the DNA double that pair together to form a “rung of the element nitrogen and acts as
helix that provides structural the DNA ladder". base in chemical reactions.
support to the molecule. There are a total of five bases
found in the DNA Adenine (A),
Cytosine (C), Guanine (G),
Thymine (T) and Uracil (U).
 Functions Of DNA
1. Replication and 2.Transcription 3.Mutation And Evolution
Heredity -The second important function of -One of the main functions of
- Every DNA molecule is genetic material is to direct the any hereditary material is to be
distinguished by its sequence physiological activities of the cell. replicated and inherited. In
of nucleotides. That is, the Most catalytic and functional roles order to create a new
order in which nitrogenous in the body are carried out by generation, genetic information
bases appear within the peptides, proteins and RNA. The needs to be accurately
macromolecule identify a structure and function of these duplicated and then
DNA molecule. For instance, molecules is determined by transmitted.
when the human genome was nucleotide sequences in DNA.
sequenced, the nucleotides
constituting each of the 23
pairs of chromosomes were
laid out, like a string of words
on a page.
What is RNA?
RNA is a single-stranded molecule similar to DNA and is broadly
involved in various biological roles, including protein synthesis
and gene regulation.RNA consists of a long chain of nucleotides
with a ribose sugar and the nucleotide bases adenine, guanine,
cytosine, and uracil.
 Types Of RNA

1. Messenger RNA 2.Transfer RNA (tRNA) 3.Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

(mRNA) -The transfer RNA is held responsible -The rRNA is the component of
-This type of RNA functions for choosing the correct protein or the the ribosome and are located
by transferring the genetic amino acids required by the body in- within the in the cytoplasm of a
material into the ribosomes turn helping the ribosomes. It is cell, where ribosomes are found.
and pass the instructions located at the endpoints of each amino In all living cells, the ribosomal
about the type of proteins, acid. This is also called as soluble RNA RNA plays a fundamental role in
required by the body cells. and it forms a link between the the synthesis and translation of
Based on the functions, these messenger RNA and the amino acid. mRNA into proteins. The rRNA
types of RNA is called the is mainly composed of cellular
messenger RNA. RNA and are the most
predominant RNA within the
cells of all living beings.
Structure of RNA
Structure of RNA

Nucleobases Helix of Sugar-Phosphates

-In RNA, there are four -The helix of sugar phosphates
nucleobases, similar to DNA in RNA provides structural
those are: Adenine (A), support and stability, essential
Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), for RNA's biological functions,
Uracil (U). including genetic encoding and
cellular processes.
Functions of RNA
1 They are the 2 Facilitate the 3 Functions as an
carrier of genetic translation of adapter molecule
information in all DNA into in protein
living cells proteins synthesis

4 Serves as a messenger 5 Promotes the ribosomes to

between the DNA and the choose the right amino acid
ribosomes. which is required in building up
of new proteins in the body.
End Of Presentation