Welcome…

…to Physics 2135.

 PHYSICS 2135
Engineering Physics II

Dr. S. Thomas Vojta

Instructor in charge
Office: 204 Physics,
Phone: 341 ‑ 4793
[email protected]
www.mst.edu/~vojtat
Office hours: Mon+ Wed 11am-12pm and by appointment

Course website: www.mst.edu/~vojtat/class_2135

Textbook: University Physics with Modern Physics, Vol. 2

Young and Freedman, 14th Edition
 Course components
Lectures (Monday & Wednesday):
•discuss important concepts, solve example problems
•please read the reading assignment before lecture!
•sections 1AA, 1BB are in-seat lectures, 1CC is an
asynchronous online lecture (for details click here)

Recitations (Tuesday and Thursday):

•review concepts
•focus on problem solving (homework, practice problems)
•boardwork: you may be asked to solve a homework
problem without your notes

Laboratory (every other week):

•connects learned concepts to physical experience
•details see lab instructions below
 Course information

Course handbook, syllabus, and official starting equations

were handed out during the first recitation

These documents and others (special homework problems,

instructor information, exam times, …) can be found at the
course website: www.mst.edu/~vojtat/class_2135

Know your recitation section and recitation instructor!

He/she is your first contact for Physics 2135 questions
How to read the syllabus
 How to read the syllabus

Reading assignment. Please read

chapter 21 sections 1 to 4 before
this lecture!
How to read the syllabus

Homework assignment. Problems

14, 25, 36 and 74 of chapter 21 as
well as special homework #1 are
due at the start of this recitation.
How to read the syllabus

Lab, odd and even refers

to your lab section number
 Laboratory information
Laboratory website:
http://physics.mst.edu/currentcourses/labs/index.html

Professor in charge of lab:

Dr. Dan Waddill, [email protected], 341-4797, 103 Physics

You must purchase a lab manual at the Physics Office,

room 102, for $25 (cash). You will not receive lab credit
without a lab manual.

Your lab section is numbered 3L"some number".

If "some number" is even, you are in EVEN labs. If "some
number" is odd, you are in ODD labs.

There are no labs this week!

 Physics Learning Center
Monday & Wednesday
2:00-4:30pm and 6:00-8:30pm
rooms 129 +130 Physics

attending the PLC is voluntary

open learning environment

faculty and peer learning

assistants provide problem
solving and homework help
I hope your time in Physics 2135 will be productive!
Lecture 1 agenda:
Electric Charge.
Review of some things you hopefully learned in high school.

Coulomb’s Law (electrical force between charged particles).

You must be able to calculate the electrical forces between one or more charged particles.

The electric field.

You must be able to calculate the force on a charged particle in an electric field.

Electric field due to point charges.

You must be able to calculate electric field of one or more point charges.

Motion of a charged particle in a uniform electric field.

You must be able to solve for the trajectory of a charged particle in a uniform electric field.
 Electric Charge

What is charge?
•basic property of matter (just like, say, mass)
•humans cannot directly sense charge but some animals can
•we can observe charge indirectly via its effects on matter
•customary symbol: q or Q, unit: [q] = C (Coulomb)

Two kinds of charge: + -

• like charges repel
• unlike charges attract

Law of conservation of charge:

•net amount of charge does not change in any process
(Not on your starting equation sheet, but a fact that you can use any time.)
Charges are quantized (come in units of e= 1.6x10-19 C).

Elementary particles that make up atoms:

•Protons +
charge +e = +1.6x10-19 C

•Neutrons uncharged

•Electrons - charge –e = –1.6x10-19 C

Helium atom
Lecture 1 agenda:
Electric Charge.
Review of some things you hopefully learned in high school.

Coulomb’s Law (electrical force between charged

particles).
You must be able to calculate the electrical forces between one or more charged particles.

The electric field.

You must be able to calculate the force on a charged particle in an electric field.

Electric field due to point charges.

You must be able to calculate electric field of one or more point charges.

Motion of a charged particle in a uniform electric field.

You must be able to solve for the trajectory of a charged particle in a uniform electric field.
 Coulomb’s Law

Force between two point charges q1 and q2:

•force is vector, directed along connecting line

•magnitude: q1q 2
F k 2
12 r12

r12 is the distance between the charges

2
Nm 1 C2
k  9 10 9
 with  0  8.85 10 12 .
C 2
4 0 Nm 2
 a note on starting equations

q1q 2
F k 2 is an official starting equation
12 r12

• in homework and exam solutions, official starting equations

can be used without deriving them
• all other steps of a solution need to be derived
• you may formulate the official starting equation in different
variables, QA QB
• for example the equation FE  k 2 is “legal”
D

*“Starting” does not mean that a starting equation has to be the first thing that
appears on your paper. It might be several lines before you use a starting equation.
Coulomb’s Law is strictly valid for point charges only.
It is a good approximation for small uniformly charged objects.

r12

+ -

If more than two charges are involved, the net force is the vector
sum of all forces (superposition). For objects with complex
shapes, you must add up all the forces acting on each separate
charge (calculus!!).

+ -
+ -
+ -
Example: a positive charge Q1 = +Q is located a distance d
along the y-axis from the origin. A second positive charge
Q2 = +Q is located at the origin and a negative charge Q3 = -2Q
is located on the x-axis a distance 2d away from Q1. Calculate
the net electrostatic force on Q1 due to the other two charges.

To be worked at the blackboard. You should apply the expert

techniques you learned in Physics 1135 when you work
Physics 2135 problems.

Skip to slide 25…

Example: a positive charge Q1 = +Q is located a distance d
along the y-axis from the origin. A second positive charge
Q2 = +Q is located at the origin and a negative charge Q3 = -2Q
is located on the x-axis a distance 2d away from Q1. Calculate
the net electrostatic force on Q1 due to the other two charges.
y

Q1=+Q

d
2d

Q2=+Q Q3=-2Q x
Calculate the net electrostatic force on Q1 due to the other two
charges.

y F  F2  F3

 q1q 2 ˆ  +Q +Q  ˆ Q 2 ˆ
F2  k 2 j  k 2
jk 2 j
F2 r12 d d

Q1=+Q F3  F3x ˆi  F3y ˆj

F3 
d
2d F3  F3 cos ˆi  F3 sin ˆj

Q2=+Q x  q1q 3 q1q 3
Q3=-2Q F3  k 2 cos i  k 2 sin ˆj
ˆ
q1q 2 r13 r13
F12 = k 2
r12   +Q  -2Q  3 ˆ +Q -2Q  1 ˆ
1 3 F3  k i  k j
 2d   2d 
2 2
sin   cos  2 2
2 2
Note: F2 and F3 are not drawn to scale (F3 is “too long”).
Calculate the net electrostatic force on Q1 due to the other two
charges.

y   +Q  -2Q  3 ˆ +Q -2Q  1 ˆ

F3  k i  k j
 2d   2d 
2 2
2 2

F2  2Q 2 3 ˆ 2Q 2 1 ˆ
F3  k 2 i  k 2  j
Q1=+Q
4d 2 4d 2

F3  3 kQ 2 ˆ 1 kQ 2 ˆ
d F3  i  j
2d 2 2
4 d 4 d

Q2=+Q x
Q3=-2Q  Q2 ˆ 3 kQ 2 ˆ 1 kQ 2 ˆ
F  F2  F3  k 2 j+ i  j
q1q 2 d 4 d2 4 d2
F12 = k 2
r12
1 3  3 kQ 2 ˆ 3 kQ 2 ˆ
sin   cos  F i  j
2 2 4 d 2
4 d 2

Note: F2 and F3 are not drawn to scale (F3 is “too long”).

Comments:

Once you have become an expert at problems like this, you can
combine and perhaps even skip some steps.

Skipping steps on work to be graded is not recommended!

You may express your answer in unit vector notation, as on the

previous slide.
3 kQ 2 3 kQ 2
Or you may write Fx  2
 Fy  2

4 d 4 d

You may also express your answer as a magnitude and

direction.

All three of the above ways of writing F completely specify the

vector.
 y

F2
F
Q1=+Q

F3
d
2d

Q2=+Q Q3=-2Q x

If Q1 were free to move, what direction would its initial

acceleration be? How would I calculate the acceleration?

Would the acceleration remain constant as Q1 moved? Could I

use the equations of kinematics (remember them from Physics
1135?) to describe the motion of Q1?
Lecture 1 agenda:
Electric Charge.
Just a reminder of some things you learned back in grade school.

Coulomb’s Law (electrical force between charged particles).

You must be able to calculate the electrical forces between one or more charged particles.

The electric field.

You must be able to calculate the force on a charged particle in an electric field.

Electric field due to point charges.

You must be able to calculate electric field of one or more point charges.

Motion of a charged particle in a uniform electric field.

You must be able to solve for the trajectory of a charged particle in a uniform electric field.
 Coulomb’s Law:
it’s just part of a bigger picture

Coulomb's Law:
1 q1q 2 r12
F =
12 4πε 0 r12
2
, + -
Q1 Q2

Charged particles produce forces over great distances.

How does a charged particle "know" another one is “there?”

Introduce concept of electric field

•new way of thinking about the Coulomb force
 The Electric Field

• a charged particle creates a “field” in F12

all space.
+
• other charged particles sense F13
the field and experience a force
in response F31
+
• Distinguish source charges like -
and test charges charges F21 unlike
repel charges
attract

A charged particle modifies the

properties of the space around it.
Definition of electric field:
•one or more source charges

•define the electric field Evia force they exert on a test
charge q0: 
 F0 The subscript “0” reminds you the force is on the
E= “test charge.” I won’t require the subscripts when
q0 you use this equation for boardwork or on exams.


F = qE

This is your second starting equation. It is a vector equation that tells you magnitude
and direction of the force!
 
  F0  N
The units of electric field are E  =   =
  q 0  C
newtons/coulomb.

In chapter 23, you will learn that the units of electric field can
also be expressed as volts/meter:
N V
E  = =
C m

The electric field can exist independent of whether there is a

charged particle around to “feel” it.
Remember: the electric field direction is the +
direction a + charge would feel a force.

A + charge would be repelled by another + charge.

Therefore the direction of the electric field is away from

positive (and towards negative).

http://regentsprep.org/Regents/physics/phys03/afieldint/default.htm
 Gravitational Fields

The idea of a field is not new to you. You experienced fields

(gravitational) in Physics 1135.
 m1m 2
FG =G 2 , attractive
r12


 FG Units of g are
g(r) = actually N/kg!
m


g(r) is the local gravitational field. On earth, it is about 9.8
N/kg, directed towards the center of the earth.

A particle with mass modifies the properties of the space around it.
Lecture 1 agenda:
Electric Charge.
Review of some things you hopefully learned in high school.

Coulomb’s Law (electrical force between charged particles).

You must be able to calculate the electrical forces between one or more charged particles.

The electric field.

You must be able to calculate the force on a charged particle in an electric field.

Electric field due to point charges.

You must be able to calculate electric field of one or more point charges.

Motion of a charged particle in a uniform electric field.

You must be able to solve for the trajectory of a charged particle in a uniform electric field.
 The Electric Field
Due to a Point Charge

Coulomb's law says q1q 2

F =k 2 ,
12 r12

treat q1 as source charge and q2 as test charge, divide by q2,

the electric field due to point charge q1 is
 q1 q
|E q1 |=k 2 or, generally E=k 2
r12 r

This is your third starting equation.

If we define r̂ as a unit vector from the source point to the field
point…
source point
r̂ +

field point

…then the vector equation for the electric field of a point

charge becomes:
You may start with either equation
 q for the electric field (this one or the
E=k 2 rˆ one on the previous slide). But
r only use this one if you REALLY
know what you are doing!
Example: calculate the magnitude of the electric field at the
electron’s distance away from the proton in a hydrogen atom
(5.3x10-11 m).

+e -e EP
+ -

D kq k(+e) 9 109 1.6 1019  N

EP   
r2 5.3 10 
11 2
2
D C

N
E P  5.110 11

For comparison, air begins to break down and conduct

electricity at about 30 kV/cm, or 3x106 V/m.
 The Electric Field of a Dipole

Example: calculate the electric field at point P, which lies on the

perpendicular bisector a distance L from a dipole of charge q.

I am going to skip this

example in the “live”
P
lecture this semester.
You have a homework
problem similar to this
calculation.
L
The video lecture
segment “electric field
of point charges”
shows the calculation.
Students in the “live” +q + - -q
lecture are welcome to
watch the lecture
videos.
d Skip to slide 41.
Example: calculate the electric field at point P, which lies on the
perpendicular bisector a distance L from a dipole of charge q.
y 
E+ E = E  E

 E y = 0 (symmetry)
P 

E x = 2E  ,x (symmetry)
E-
r L r
E x = +2E  cos 

 
+q + - -q
x

d
Example: calculate the electric field at point P, which lies on the
perpendicular bisector a distance L from a dipole of charge q.
y E x = +2E  cos 
E+


P 
d/2 d
E x = +2E  = +E 
r r
E-
r L r
k q d kqd
Ex =+ 2 = 3
r r r

 d/2 d/2   qd ˆ
+q + - -q E = i
x 4 0 r 3

d
“Charge on dipole” is positive by
convention, so no absolute value
signs needed around q.
 P
E qd
E
4o r 3

L
Caution! The above
equation for E applies
only to points along
the perpendicular
+q + - -q
bisector of the dipole.
d
It is not a starting
equation.

(r is not a system parameter, but

let’s not worry about that right now)
Lecture 1 agenda:
Electric Charge.
Review of some things you hopefully learned in high school.

Coulomb’s Law (electrical force between charged particles).

You must be able to calculate the electrical forces between one or more charged particles.

The electric field.

You must be able to calculate the force on a charged particle in an electric field.

Electric field due to point charges.

You must be able to calculate electric field of one or more point charges.

Motion of a charged particle in a uniform electric

field.
You must be able to solve for the trajectory of a charged particle in a uniform electric field.
 Motion of a Charged Particle
in a Uniform Electric Field

charged particle in electric field experiences force, and if it is

free to move, an acceleration.
- - - - - - - - - - - - -
if the only force is due to the
electric field -
E
  F
 F  ma  qE. + + + + + + + + + + + + +

E is constant a constant,
use the equations of kinematics* (Physics 1135?).

*If you get called to the board, you can use the Physics 1135 starting equations. They are posted.
Example: an electron moving with velocity v0 in the positive x
direction enters a region of uniform electric field that makes a
right angle with the electron’s initial velocity. Express the
position and velocity of the electron as a function of time.
y
- - - - - - - - - - - - -
x
-e
v0 E

+ + + + + + + + + + + + +

Skip to slide 48…

To be worked at the blackboard in lecture. v fx  vix  a x t
1
x f  x i  vix t  a x  t 
2
What would be different for a proton? 2

Make sure you understand what a uniform electric field is.

Express the position and velocity of the electron as a function
of time.

 
y FE = qE =  -e  E = -eEj = ma
ˆ

 eE ˆ
a=- j
x m
-e
v0 E
FE a eE
ax = 0 ay = -
m

Let’s work the rest of the problem one component at a time.

Express the position and velocity of the electron as a function
of time.

eE
y ax = 0 ay = -
m
0 0
1 2
x = x i + vix t + a x t
x 2
-e
v0 E
FE a x = v0 t

0 0
1 2
y = yi + viy t + a y t
2
Position:
1 eE 2 1 2 1 eE 2
x = v0 t y=- t y = a yt = - t
2 m 2 2 m
Express the position and velocity of the electron as a function
of time.

eE
y ax = 0 ay = -
m
0
v x = vix + a x t
x
-e
v0 E
FE a v x = v0

0
v y = viy + a y t
Velocity:
eE eE
v x = v0 vy = - t v y = a y t= - t
m m
What is the shape of the electron’s path?

1 eE 2
y x = v0 t y=- t
2 m

x
x t=
-e v0
v0 E
FE a
2
1 eE  x   1 eE  2
y=-   = - 2 
x
2 m  v0   2 mv 0 

The trajectory of the electron is a parabola, concave down.

Just like the trajectory of a ball thrown horizontally in the
gravitational field of the Earth.
 Concluding Remarks

Homework Hints (may not apply every semester)

There are two kinds of electric field problems in

today’s lecture:

1. Given an electric field, calculate the force on a F = qE
charged particle.
q
2. Given one or more charged particles, calculate E=k
r2
the electric field they produce.
Make sure you understand which kind of problem you are
working on!
 Homework Hints (may not apply every semester)

Symmetry is your friend. Use it when appropriate. Don’t use it

when not appropriate.

 GmM
FG,pair  2 , attractive
r
The above equation is on the Physics 1135 Starting Equation
Sheet, which is posted in the recitation classrooms. You are
free to use Physics 1135 starting equations at any time.
 Homework Hints (may not apply every semester)

Your starting equations so far are:


q1q 2  F0 q
F k 2 E= E=k 2
12 r12 q0 r
(plus Physics 1135 starting equations).

Remove the absolute value signs ONLY IF you know that all
charges are positive.

 F0 F0
NEVER do this: E =  q 0 =  (why?)
q0 E
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