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Atomic Structure

The document discusses various topics related to matter including: 1) Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter and are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. 2) Elements are substances made of only one type of atom, with the periodic table organizing the 118 known elements. 3) Atoms can combine to form molecules, and matter can exist in solid, liquid, gas, or plasma states. 4) Nucleosynthesis is the process by which new atomic nuclei are created.

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eugeniojamaica51
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31 views

Atomic Structure

The document discusses various topics related to matter including: 1) Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter and are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. 2) Elements are substances made of only one type of atom, with the periodic table organizing the 118 known elements. 3) Atoms can combine to form molecules, and matter can exist in solid, liquid, gas, or plasma states. 4) Nucleosynthesis is the process by which new atomic nuclei are created.

Uploaded by

eugeniojamaica51
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 67

Let’s

count!
I dare you!!
HOW MANY STARS
ARE THERE IN THE
SKY??
THE MOLE
SAMPLES! Sugar

Lead Water
Mercury
Copper
Sulfur

Sodium Chloride
How you measure how much?
You can measure mass,
or volume,
or you can count pieces.
We measure mass in grams.
We measure volume in liters.
We count pieces in MOLES.
• Was an Italian scientist.
• He is most noted for his
contributions to molecular
theory including what is
known as Avogadro’s Law
AMADEO
AVOGADRO
Definition of a Mole
1. A mole is the amount of any substance that
contains as many elementary entities as there are
atoms in exactly 1.00 g of hydrogen-1.

2. A mole is the amount ... in exactly 12.00 g of


carbon-12.
Avogadro’s numbe
r

3. 6.02 x 10 23 of anything
4. It is important to state the entities
involved:
• atoms, molecules, ions, electrons,
etc.
5. The smallest pieces of a substance.
How Large a Quantity is
Avogadro’s Number??
ATOM
A particle of matter that uniquely defines a
chemical element.
Building blocks of matter.

118
ATOM

The atom is the smallest unit of matter


that is composed of three sub-atomic
particles: the proton, the neutron, and
the electron.

Protons and neutrons make up the


nucleus of the atom, a dense and
positively charged core, whereas the
negatively charged electrons can be
found around the nucleus in an electron
cloud.
ATOMic model
Timeline …
1. Atomic model (1808)
2. Plum-pudding model (1904)
3. Nuclear model (1911)
4. Planetary model (1913)
5. Quantum mechanical model (1926-present)
1
John Dalton
1. Matter is made of small indivisible
atoms.
2. Atoms can’t be subdivided, created or
destroyed.
2.1 Atoms of the same
element have the same
property.
2.2 Atoms of different
elements have different
properties.
3. Atoms of different elements can form
compounds.
2
J.J. Thomson
1. An atom is electrically
neutral. It has no charge.
2. In an atom, both positive
charges and negative charges
are equal.
3. An atom is made out of a
sphere of positive charges
with negatively charged
electron embedded in it.
3
Ernest Rutherford
1. Atoms are mostly empty
space.
2. Most of the mass is
concentrated in the center of
atom. This tiny, dense,
positively charged core called
a nucleus.
3. Electrons are located outside
the nucleus.
4
Niels Bohr
1. Electrons orbit the nucleus in orbits that
have specific size and energy.
2. The energy of the orbit is related to its
size. The lowest energy is found in the
smallest orbit.
3. Electrons reside in orbits. They move
between each shell when gaining or
losing energy.
4. When gaining energy, electrons move to
farther orbit from the nucleus. When
losing energy, electrons move to closer
orbit from the nucleus.
5
Erwin Schrödinger
1. Electrons don’t move around the
nucleus in orbits.
2. Electrons exist in specific
energy levels as a cloud.
3. The electron cloud is the region
of negative charges, which
surrounds the nucleus.
4. Orbital : The region with a high
probability of containing
electrons.
ATOM

The atom is the smallest unit of


matter that is composed of three sub-
atomic particles: the proton, the
neutron, and the electron.

• Protons
• Neutrons
• Electrons
ATOM
Three quark types—or flavors—were proposed to account for the
then-known mesons and baryons. These quark flavors are named up
(u), down (d), and strange (s).
A quark is an elementary
particle and a fundamental
constituent of matter.

Quarks combine to form


particles called hadrons
(the most stable of which
are protons and neutrons).
ATOM

A hadron is a class of subatomic particle


made of two or more quarks held together
by the strong interaction.
ATOM
Basic Sub-atomic Particles

No. of Proton = No. of Electron = No. of Atomic Number

Unit of Atom
- amu (Atomic Mass Unit)
ATOM
The nucleus of an
atom is comprised of protons and
neutrons; it is therefore positively charged.

Atomic Mass Number = Number of Protons + Number of Neutrons

To find the number of neutrons, subtract the atomic number, or the number of
protons, from the mass number.

Neutron = Atomic Number or Number of Proton – Atomic Mass Number

Notation of a specific element follows this format:


where E is a specific element, A is mass number, Z is the atomic number,
and C is the charge. For helium, the notation is as follows:

Example:
ATOM

Atoms of the same


element that have a
different number of
neutrons are known
as isotopes.

Most elements have several naturally occurring isotopes.


ATOM
LITHIUM ISOTOPES
ATOM
CARBON ISOTOPES
ATOM
In quantum physics, antimatter is stated as matter
consisting of the antiparticles of the corresponding
particles in ordinary matter.

They are also naturally created during a few types


of radioactive decay and cosmic ray phenomena.
ATOM

A collision between any


matter and its antimatter pair
paves the way to their mutual
destruction.

This may also result in the


creation of various quantities
of neutrinos, gamma rays,
and sometimes particle-
antiparticle pairs.
ATOM

Antiparticle is a subatomic particle possessing the equivalent mass as its normal particle counterpart,
but with the opposite magnetic moment and electric charge.

This composed of three sub-atomic antiparticles: the antiproton, positron, and anti-neutron.

Antiproton and antineutron make up


the nucleus of the atom, a dense and
negatively charged core, whereas the
positively charged positron can be
found around the nucleus atom cloud.
element
A substance that is composed of only one type of
atom.

Our universe are made


with only 118 different
building blocks.
Element SYMBOL

The periodic table


shows how elements
may be grouped
according to certain
similar properties.

Note the background color denotes whether an element is a metal,


metalloid, or nonmetal, whereas the element symbol color indicates
whether it is a solid, liquid, or gas.
Elements: Defined by Their Number of
Protons
Atomic Number
This number is very important because it is unique for atoms of a given element.
Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an
Element’s Atoms
Atomic Number
This number is very important because it is unique for atoms of a given element.
This outermost shell is called valence shell, and the
electrons present are called valence electrons.
1st Energy Level

valence shell
Nucleus

valence electron/s

2nd Energy Level LITHIUM


REMEMBER….
MAX NUMBER OF ELECTRONS IN AN ENERGY
LEVEL
ENERGY MAX # OF
LEVEL SUBLEVEL ELECTRONS

1 s 2
2 p 8
3 d 18
4 f 32
Element ATOMIC ORBITAL
ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION
A detailed way of showing the
order in which electrons fill in
around the nucleus
ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION SYMBOLS
# of e- in

1s 2 sub level

Sub Level
Energy Level (s, p, d, f )
The horizontal rows of
PERIOD the table are called
period or series.
G
The vertical group
R arrangement places elements
O with similar number of valence
UP electron. The group may also
be called as families.
Example:
PERIOD
Element Na
G
R Group –
O Period –
UP
s-block p-block
d-block

f-block
molecules
Molecules are groups of two or more atoms that have
been bonded together. Each of these molecules has its
own set of chemical properties.

There are millions of


different ways to bond
atoms together.
CLASSIFYING
MATTER
SUMMARY
All matter has mass and occupies space. All
physical objects are made of matter. Matter itself is
composed of tiny building blocks known as "atoms".
There are only 118 different types of atoms known
to man. Frequently, atoms are bonded together to
form "molecules".
matter
Matter typically exists in one of three states: solid, liquid,
or gas.
What is the
4 state?
th
plasma
Plasma is often
called “the fourth
state of matter,”
along with solid,
liquid and gas.
NUCEOSYNTHESIS
Nucleosynthesis is the creation of new atomic
nuclei, the centers of atoms that are made up of
protons and neutrons.

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