Digital communication

Level:4th
Dr. A.O. Aldhaibani
 Intersymbol Interference
• No channel has infinite bandwidth
• Most transmission schemes require higher bandwidth than available in the
channel.
- Square wave requires infinite bandwidth.
- Modified synch function to satisfy the causality requires higher bandwidth.
• Each symbol may be smeared into adjacent time slots.
• Intersymbol Interference (ISI) is the spreading of symbol pulses from
one slot into adjacent slots.
Intersymbol Interference (ISI)

 ISI is due to the fact that the communication

channel is dispersive – some frequencies of the
received pulse are delayed which causes pulse
distortion (change in shape and delay).
 Most efficient method for baseband transmission –
both in terms of power and bandwidth - is PAM.
 Considered model:

 baseband binary PAM system

 incoming binary sequence b0 consists of 1 and 0
symbols of duration Tb

Figure Baseband binary data transmission system.

 Cont’
 PAM changes this sequence into a new sequence of
short pulses each with amplitude ak, represented in
polar form as:
 1, if symbol bk is 1

ak   (4.42)
1, if symbol bk is 0

applied to a transmit filter of impulse response g(t):

s (t )   ak g (t  kTb ) (4.43)
k
transmitted signal
 Cont’
 s(t) is modified by a channel with channel impulse
response h(t)
 random white noise is added (AWGN channel model)
 x(t) is the channel output, the noisy signal arriving at the
receiver front end
 receiver has a receive filter with impulse response c(t)
and output y(t)
 y(t) is sampled synchronously with the transmitter (clock
signal is extracted from the receive filter output)
 reconstructed samples are compared to a threshold
 decision is taken as for 1 or 0
Interference in the mobile radio channel
 Interference is the result of other man-made radio
transmissions.
- for example in the band at 2.4GHz a large number of systems
co-exist, such as Wireless LAN, Bluetooth, Microwave ovens,
etc
 Adjacent channel interference occurs when energy from a
carrier spills over into adjacent channels. Co-channel
interference occurs when another transmission on the same
carrier frequency affects the receiver (e.g. another cell).
 The ratio of the carrier to the interference (from both sources) is
called the carrier-to-interference ratio (C/I).
 Increasing the carrier power at the receiver will increase the
interference for other mobiles in the network.
 Transmit One Bit

 Analog transmission over communication channels

 Two-level digital PAM over channel that has memory
but does not add noise
x0 (t ) y0 (t ) receive
‘0’ bit ‘0’ bit
Tb input output Th Th+Tb
Communication t
t Channel
x(t) y(t) -A Th
-A

x1 (t ) h(t ) y1 (t ) receive
Model channel as ‘1’ bit
A system with 1 A Th
impulse response
t
Tb t h(t) Th t Th Th+Tb
‘1’ bit Assume that Th < Tb 13 - 8
 Transmit Two Bits (Interference)

 Transmitting two bits (pulses) back-to-back will cause

overlap (interference) at the receiver
x(t ) h(t )
y (t )
A
* 1 =
2Tb Th+Tb

Tb t Th t Tb t
-A Th
‘1’ bit ‘0’ bit Assume that Th < Tb ‘1’ bit ‘0’ bit

 Sample y(t) at Tb, 2 Tb, …, and

threshold with threshold of zero Intersymbol
 How do we prevent intersymbol interference
interference (ISI) at the receiver?
Transmit Two Bits (No Interference)

 Prevent intersymbol interference by waiting Th

seconds between pulses (called a guard period)
x(t ) h(t )
y (t )
A
* 1 =
Th+Tb Th+Tb

Tb t Th t Th Tb t
-A Th
‘1’ bit ‘0’ bit Assume that Th < Tb ‘1’ bit ‘0’ bit

 Disadvantages?
 ISI

 To eliminate interference between symbols, the

transmitter ought to have a shaping filter.
 In baseband transmission, the shaping filter is used to:
 Reduce bandwidth channel and cancel the intersymbol
interference (ISI)
MATCHED FILTERS

 A filter which immediately precedes circuit in a digital

communications receiver is said to be matched to a
particular symbol pulse, if it maximizes the output
SNR at the sampling instant when that pulse is
present at the filter input.

 •Matched filters are commonly used in radar, in which

a signal is sent out, and we measure the reflected
signals, looking for something similar to what was
sent out.
Matched Filter

 •Two-dimensional matched filters are

commonly used in image processing, e.g., to
improve SNR for X-ray pictures

 A linear filter designed to provide the

maximum signal to noise power ratio at its
output for a given transmitted symbol
waveform.
 Matched Filter

 Basic task – detecting transmitted pulses at the

front end of the receiver (corrupted by noise)
 Receiver model
 Details
 The filter input x(t) is: x(t )  g t   w(t ), 0t T
 where (4.1)
 T is an arbitrary observation interval
 g(t) is a binary symbol 1 or 0
 w(t) is a sample function of white
noise, zero mean, psd N0/2

The function of the receiver is to detect the pulse g(t) in an optimum manner, providing that the shape of the

pulse is known and the distortion is due to effects of noise =

To optimize the design of a filter so as to minimize the effects of noise at the filter output in some statistical

sense.
 Designing the filter
 Since we assume the y (t )  g o (t )  n(t )
filter is linear its (4.2)
output can be
described as: instantaneous power in
 where the output signal
g0(t) is the recovered 2

| g o (T ) |
signal  2
(4.3)
 n(t) produced noise E[n (t )]
 This is equal to
maximizing the peak average output noise

signal-to-noise ratio:
Designing the filter

The T is arbitrary observation interval, the pulse signal

g(t) my represent binary symbol 1,0 in digital
communication system.
the n(t) is the sample function of white noise process of
zero mean and power spectrum density N0/2. Optimal
filter maximizes peak pulse SNR.
Does not depend on pulse shape g(t)
Proportional to signal energy (energy per bit) Eb
Inversely proportional to power spectral density of noise
as in equation:
2 Eb
 max   SNR
N0
So,

 We have to define the impulse response of the filter

h(t) in such a way that the signal-to-noise ratio is
maximized.
 The impulse response describes the reaction of the
system as a function of time (or possibly as a function
of some other independent variable that
parameterizes the dynamic behavior of the system).

18/46
 END

13 - 19
Matched Filter
 At time t= T, the sampler output z(T) consists
of a signal component ai and the variance of
the output noise (average noise power) is
denoted by

 The ratio of the instantaneous signal power to

average noise power, (S/N)T, at time t= T, out
of the sampler is
Matched Filter
 Now, we going to maximizes the (S/N) T by
finding expressing the signal ai(t) at the filter
output in terms of the filter transfer function
H(f) and Fourier transform of the input signal,
s(t) that is S(f). That is:

 Then, we express the output noise power as :

 Where N0/2 is the input noise.

Matched Filter
 Thus, we obtain
Matched Filter (Summary)
 The ratio of the instantaneous signal power to
average noise power,(S/N)T

where
ai is signal component
σ²0 is variance of the output noise
13 - 24
13 - 25
 Matched Filter
• The Matched Filter is the linear filter that maximizes:
o t 
2
 
S s
   2
 N out no t 

r(t)=s(t)+n(t) Matched Filter ro(t)=so(t)+no(t)

R(f)
h(t)
Ro(f)
H(f)

• Recall
y  t   h  t   x t   Y  f   H  f  X  f 
S y  f   H  f  Sx  f 
2
EEE 461 26
 Matched Filter
• Design a linear filter to minimize the effect of noise while
maximizing the signal.
• s(t) is the input signal and s0(t) is the output signal.
• The signal is assumed to be known and absolutely time limited and
zero otherwise.
• The PSD, Pn(f) of the additive input noise is also assumed to be
known.
• Design the filter such that instantaneous output signal power is
maximized at a sampling instant t0, compared with the average
output noise power:
o t 
2
 
S s
   2
 N out no t 

EEE 461 27
 Matched Filter
• The goal is maximize (S/N) S so 2 t 
   2
out
 N out no t 

Sampler
t = to
r(t)=s(t)+n(t) h(t) ro(t)=so(t)+no(t) Threshold
R(f) H(f) Ro(f) Detector

ro(t)=so(t)+no(t)
r(t)=s(t)+n(t)
so(t)
s(t)
T T

EEE 461 28
 Matched Filter
• The matched filter does not preserve the input signal shape.
• The objective is to maximize the output signal-to-noise ratio.
• The matched filter is the linear filter that maximizes (S/N) out and has
a transfer function given by:

S   f  e  jto
Hf  K
Pn  f 

• where S(f) = F[s(t)] of duration T sec.

• t0 is the sampling time
• K is an arbitrary, real, nonzero constant.
• The filter may not be realizable.

EEE 461 29
 Matched Filter
• Detection of pulse in presence of additive noise
Receiver knows what pulse shape it is looking for
Channel memory ignored (assumed compensated by other
means, e.g. channel equalizer in receiver)

g(t) x(t) h(t) y(t) y(T) T is pulse

Pulse t=T period
signal Matched
w(t) filter
Additive white Gaussian y (t )  g (t ) * h(t )  w(t ) * h(t )
noise (AWGN) with zero  g 0 (t )  n(t )
mean and variance N0 /2
13 - 30
 Matched Filter Derivation
• Design of matched filter
Maximize signal power i.e. power of g 0 (t )  g (t ) * h(t ) at t = T
Minimize noise i.e. power of n(t )  w(t ) * h(t )
• Combine design criteria
max  , where  is peak pulse SNR
| g 0 (T ) |2 instantane ous power
 2

E{n (t )} average power

g(t) x(t) h(t) y(t) y(T)

Pulse t=T
signal Matched
w(t) filter 13 - 31
 Matched Filter
 Given transmitter pulse shape g(t) of duration T,
matched filter is given by hopt(t) = k g*(T-t) for all
k
Duration and shape of impulse response of the
optimal filter is determined by pulse shape g(t)
hopt(t) is scaled, time-reversed, and shifted version
of g(t)
 Optimal filter maximizes peak pulse SNR
 
2 2 2 Eb
max   | G ( f ) | df   | g (t ) | dt   SNR
2 2

N 0  N 0  N0

Does not depend on pulse shape g(t) 13 - 32

Matched Filter for Rectangular Pulse
 Matched filter for causal rectangular pulse
has an impulse response that is a causal
rectangular pulse
 Convolve input with rectangular pulse of
duration T sec and sample result at T sec is
Sample and dump
same as to
First, integrate for T sec
Second, sample at symbol period T sec
Third, reset integration for next time period
 T
 Integrate and dump
t=kTcircuit
h(t) = ___ 13 - 33
13 - 34
 Intersymbol Interference (ISI)

 ISI arises when energy from one symbol slot is spread out over
neighbouring symbol slots.
 ISI is introduced by the channel when the RMS delay spread
becomes an appreciable fraction of the bit period (say greater
than 10%).

© 2003 Altera