PROSE AND POETRY

- Poetry often employs

figurative language, such as
metaphors, similes, and
symbolism, to convey
emotions and create vivid
imagery.

- Prose It provides
storytelling, character
development, and the
exploration of ideas
 - Poetry often employs
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 ELEMENTS OF PROSE

01 02 03 04
CAN TAKE
STRAIGHT USUALLY LONGER
FORWARD
LITERAL FOR NOVELS FORMS AND
LENGTH
 ELEMENTS OF PROSE

DOESN'T
CONTINUES
HAS NO LINE RELY ON
PIECE OF
BREAKS RHYMES
WRITINGS
 ELEMENTS OF POETRY

01 02 03 04

USES AESTHETIC USUALLY OFTENTIMES

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LANGUAGE AND LYRICS SPECIFIC
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 ELEMENTS OF POETRY

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3 example of poetry in the Philippines

Ang Paglalakbay" by Jose Corazon de Jesus

Lorem Ipsum

Paghilom" by Merlie Alunan has two main

data statistical
important.

Padaog" by Ricardo Nolasco

3 example of prose in the Philippines

- "Noli Me Tangere" by Dr. Jose Rizal

- "Banaag at Sikat" by Lope K. Santos

- "Ilustrado" by Miguel Syjuco

FIGURES OF SPEECH
H
1. Hyperbole
Hyperbole is a figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect, often to create a
humorous or dramatic effect. It involves stretching the truth beyond the literal meaning of the words.
Example: "I'm so hungry I could eat a horse!" In this sentence, the speaker is not literally suggesting they
could consume an entire horse but is exaggerating to emphasize their extreme hunger.

2. Hypernymy
Hypernymy is a hierarchical relationship between words where one word (the hypernym) represents a
broader category or class, while another word (the hyponym) represents a specific instance or subtype within that
category.
Example: "Fruit" is a hypernym of "apple." In this relationship, "fruit" represents the broader category,
while "apple" is a specific type of fruit.

3. Hyponymy
Hyponymy is the opposite of hypernymy. It's a hierarchical relationship between words where one word
(the hyponym) represents a more specific instance or subtype within a broader category or class represented by
another word (the hypernym).
Example: "Rose" is a hyponym of "flower." Here, "flower" represents the broader category, while "rose" is
a specific type of flower.

4. Homonymy
Homonymy refers to words that are pronounced or spelled the same but have different meanings.
Homonyms may also have different origins or be of different parts of speech.
Example: "Bat" can refer to a flying mammal or a piece of sports equipment used in baseball. These two
words are homonyms because they are spelled and pronounced the same but have distinct meanings.
A
1. Alliteration
Alliteration is the repetition of initial consonant sounds in neighboring words or syllables.
Example: "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers."

2. Assonance
Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds in neighboring words or syllables.
Example: "The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plain."

3. Anaphora
Anaphora is the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences.
Example: "We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields
and in the streets..."

4. Antithesis
Antithesis is the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas or words within the same sentence or adjacent
sentences.
Example: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times..."

5. Asyndeton
Asyndeton is the omission of conjunctions (such as "and", "or", "but") between words, phrases, or
clauses in a sentence or series of sentences.
Example: "I came, I saw, I conquered."
6. Anadiplosis
Anadiplosis is the repetition of the last word or phrase of one clause or sentence at the beginning of the
next clause or sentence.
Example: "Fear leads to anger. Anger leads to hate. Hate leads to suffering." (Yoda in Star Wars: Episode I
- The Phantom Menace)

7. Allusion
Allusion is a brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing, or idea of historical, cultural, literary, or
political significance.
Example: "Your backyard is a Garden of Eden." This is an allusion to the biblical Garden of Eden,
suggesting that the backyard is a place of beauty and tranquility.

8. Aposiopesis
Aposiopesis is a rhetorical device in which a sentence is intentionally left incomplete or broken off, often
for dramatic effect or to convey strong emotion.
Example: "I swear, if you don't stop..." (The speaker abruptly stops, implying a threat or strong emotion
without explicitly stating it.)

9. Apostrophe
Apostrophe is a rhetorical device in which a speaker addresses a person, thing, or abstract idea that is
not present or cannot respond as if it were present and capable of understanding or responding.
Example: "O Death, where is thy sting? O Grave, where is thy victory?" (From the Bible, 1 Corinthians 15:55)
P
1. Personification
Personification is a figure of speech in which human qualities are attributed to non-human entities or objects.
Example: "The sun smiled down on the earth." Here, the sun is given the human trait of smiling.

2. Pun
A pun is a play on words that exploits the multiple meanings of a word or words that sound similar but have different
meanings.
Example: "Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana." In this pun, "flies" can mean both "passes quickly" and
"insects."

3. Paradox
A paradox is a statement that appears self-contradictory or logically absurd but may express a truth or reveal a deeper
meaning.
Example: "Less is more." This paradoxical statement suggests that simplicity can be more effective or powerful than
complexity.

4. Parallelism
Parallelism is the use of similar grammatical structures, phrases, or patterns to create balance and rhythm in sentences or
clauses.
Example: "She likes hiking, swimming, and biking." In this example, parallelism is achieved by using the same gerund form
("ing") for each activity.

5. Polysyndeton
Polysyndeton is a rhetorical device in which conjunctions (such as "and", "or", "but") are used repeatedly in close
succession within a sentence or series of sentences.
Example: "He ran and jumped and laughed and danced." In this example, the repetition of "and" emphasizes each
action, creating a sense of urgency or intensity.
I
1. Idiom
A phrase with a figurative meaning that isn't literal.
Example: "It's raining cats and dogs."

2. Irony
A contrast between expectation and reality.
Example: "The fire station burned down."

TYPES OF IRONY

Verbal Irony – saying one thing but meaning another.

Example: "Oh, great! I just love getting stuck in traffic."

Dramatic Irony – when the audience knows something the characters don’t.
Example: In a horror movie, when the audience knows that the villain is hiding in a closet, but the
character does not.

Situational Irony – a contrast between what's expected and what actually occurs.
Example: A fire station burning down.
3. Imagery
Vivid language that creates mental pictures or sensory experiences.

TYPES OF IMAGERY
Visual Imagery: Appeals to the sense of sight, describing what can be seen. Example: "The sky was painted with streaks
of orange and pink as the sun set behind the mountains.“

Auditory Imagery: Appeals to the sense of hearing, describing sounds. Example: "The waves crashed rhythmically
against the shore, creating a soothing melody.“

Olfactory Imagery: Appeals to the sense of smell, describing scents or odors. Example: "The aroma of freshly baked
bread wafted from the bakery, filling the air with warmth and comfort.“

Gustatory Imagery: Appeals to the sense of taste, describing flavors. Example: "The soup was rich and savory, with
hints of garlic and herbs that danced on the tongue.“

Tactile Imagery: Appeals to the sense of touch, describing textures or sensations. Example: "The rough bark of the tree
scraped against my palm as I climbed higher and higher.“

Kinesthetic Imagery: Appeals to the sense of movement or physical sensation. Example: "She felt a rush of adrenaline
as she sprinted toward the finish line, her heart pounding in her chest."
M
1. Metonymy
A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted with another closely associated word or
phrase.
Example: "The White House issued a statement." (Using "White House" to refer to the President or the
administration)

2. Metaphor
A figure of speech that compares two unlike things by stating that one thing is another.
Example: "Time is a thief." (Comparing time to a thief to convey the idea that time can steal moments or
opportunities)

TYPES OF METAPHOR

Simple Metaphor – a direct comparison between two unlike things.

Example: "He is a lion in battle." (Comparing "he" to a lion)

Extended Metaphor – a metaphor that is extended throughout a passage or poem.

Example: In Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech, he uses the extended metaphor of
"darkness" and "light" to represent racial injustice and equality.
O
1. Onomatopoeia
A figure of speech in which words imitate the sound they represent.
Examples:
1. The clock went "tick-tock" as the seconds passed.
2. The fire crackled and popped in the fireplace.
3. The car horn honked loudly in the busy traffic.

2. Oxymoron
A figure of speech in which two contradictory terms are combined to create a paradoxical effect.

Examples:
1. Deafening silence (combining "deafening" and "silence").
2. Bittersweet (combining "bitter" and "sweet").
3. Living dead (combining "living" and "dead").
U
1. Understatement
The presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than
it actually is.
Example: "It's just a flesh wound" (said by a character with a severed limb in
Monty Python and the Holy Grail).
S
1. Simile
A figure of speech that compares two unlike things using "like" or "as."
Example: "Her smile was as bright as the sun."

2. Synecdoche
A figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole, or the whole is used to represent a part.
Example: "All hands on deck." (Using "hands" to represent the entire crew)

3. Sarcasm
A form of verbal irony in which a speaker says the opposite of what they mean, often with a mocking or
contemptuous tone.
Example: "Oh, great! Another Monday morning." (Said with a tone indicating displeasure)

4. Symbolism
The use of symbols to represent ideas, concepts, or qualities beyond their literal meaning.
Example: The white dove is often used as a symbol of peace.
E
1. Enumeration
The action of mentioning a number of things one by one.

Example: "She listed her hobbies: reading, painting, and hiking."

2. Euphony
The quality of being pleasing to the ear, especially through a harmonious combination of sounds.
Example: "The gentle rustling of leaves and the soft murmur of a brook created a euphony in the forest."

3. Euphemism
A mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh, blunt, or unpleasant.
Example: "He passed away" instead of "He died."
LEVELS OF LANGUAGE

1. Graphological Level: This refers to the analysis and interpretation of a text based on its visual
aspects, such as handwriting, font style, spacing, and layout. In linguistics and literary analysis, the
graphological level is concerned with how these visual elements contribute to meaning, emphasis, or
communication style.

2. Phonological Level: At this level, language is analyzed in terms of its sound system. It involves the
study of phonemes (distinct units of sound), phonetics (the physical properties of speech sounds),
and phonology (the organization of sounds in a particular language, including rules for pronunciation
and patterns of sound change).

3. Morphological Level: This level deals with the structure and formation of words. Morphology
examines morphemes, which are the smallest units of meaning in language, and how they combine to
form words. It involves understanding word roots, prefixes, suffixes, and inflectional patterns.
4. Semantic Level: Semantic analysis involves the study of meaning in language. It examines how
words, phrases, and sentences convey meaning, including literal definitions, connotations,
denotations, and associations. Semantic analysis also explores the relationships between words and
the concepts they represent.

5. Syntactic Level: Syntax refers to the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed
sentences in a language. At the syntactic level, language is analyzed in terms of its grammatical
structure, including rules for word order, sentence structure, and the formation of clauses and
phrases.

6. Pragmatic Level: Pragmatics deals with the study of language use in context and the interpretation
of meaning beyond the literal or grammatical level. It involves understanding how language is used to
achieve communicative goals, including social and cultural aspects of communication, implicature,
presupposition, and speech acts. Pragmatics considers factors such as tone, intention, context, and
shared knowledge between speakers.
ASSIGNMENT:

Research about the Genres, Forms,

and Types of Folk Literature for a
SHORT QUIZ this THURSDAY.