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Chapter 11
Rolling-Contact Bearings

Lecture Slides

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 Chapter Outline

11–1 Bearing Types 576

11–2 Bearing Life 579
11–3 Bearing Load Life at Rated Reliability 580
11–4 Reliability versus Life—The Weibull
Distribution 582
11–5 Relating Load, Life, and Reliability 583
11–6 Combined Radial and Thrust Loading 585
11–7 Variable Loading 590
11–8 Selection of Ball and Cylindrical Roller
Bearings 593
11–9 Selection of Tapered Roller Bearings 596
11–10 Design Assessment for Selected Rolling-
Contact Bearings 604
11–11 Lubrication 608
11–12 Mounting and Enclosure 609

© McGraw Hill 2
 Nomenclature of a Ball Bearing

Fig. 11–1
Access the text alternative for slide images.

© McGraw Hill Source: Based on General Motors Corp., GM Media Archives 3

 Types of Ball Bearings

Fig. 11–2 Access the text alternative for slide images.

© McGraw Hill 4
 Types of Roller Bearings

Straight Cylindrical Tapered roller, thrust Tapered roller

Spherical Roller, thrust Needle Steep-angle tapered roller
Fig. 11–3 Access the text alternative for slide images.

© McGraw Hill Source: Redrawn from material Furnished by The Timken Company. 5
© McGraw Hill 6
 Bearing Life Definitions

Bearing Failure: Spalling or pitting of an area of 0.01 in 2

Life: Number of revolutions (or hours @ given speed) required for
failure.
• For one bearing.
Rating Life: Life required for 10% of sample to fail.
• For a group of bearings.
• Also called Minimum Life or L10 Life.
Median Life: Average life required for 50% of sample to fail.
• For many groups of bearings.
• Also called Average Life or Average Median Life.
• Median Life is typically 4 or 5 times the L10 Life.

© McGraw Hill 7
 Load Rating Definitions 1

Catalog Load Rating, C10: Constant radial load that causes 10% of
a group of bearings to fail at the bearing manufacturer’s rating life.
• Depends on type, geometry, accuracy of fabrication, and
material of bearing.
• Also called Basic Dynamic Load Rating, and Basic Dynamic
Capacity.
Basic Load Rating, C: A catalog load rating based on a rating life
of 106 revolutions of the inner ring.
• The radial load that would be necessary to cause failure at such
a low life is unrealistically high.
• The Basic Load Rating is a reference value, not an actual load.

© McGraw Hill 8
 Load Rating Definitions 2

Static Load Rating, Co:

Static radial load which corresponds to a permanent deformation of
rolling element and race at the most heavily stressed contact of
0.0001d.
• d = diameter of roller.
• Used to check for permanent deformation.
• Used in combining radial and thrust loads into an equivalent
radial load.
Equivalent Radial Load, Fe:
Constant stationary load applied to bearing with rotating inner ring
which gives the same life as actual load and rotation conditions.

© McGraw Hill 9
 Load-Life Relationship 1

Nominally identical groups of bearings are tested to the life-failure

criterion at different loads.
A plot of load vs. life on log-log scale is approximately linear.
Using a regression equation
to represent the line,
FL1 a  constant (11 - 1)

• a = 3 for ball bearings

• a = 10/3 for roller bearings
(cylindrical and tapered
roller.

Fig. 11–4
© McGraw Hill 10
 Load-Life Relationship 2

Applying Eq. (11–1) to two load-life conditions,

1a 1a
F1 L1  F2 L2 (11 - 2)

Denoting condition 1 with R for catalog rating conditions, and

condition 2 with D for the desired design conditions,
1a 1a
FR LR  FD LD (a )

The units of L are revolutions. If life ℒ is given in hours at a given

speed n in rev/min, applying a conversion of 60 min/h,
L  60 + n (b)
Solving Eq. (a) for FR, which is just another notation for the
catalog load rating,
1a 1a
L   + n 60 
C10  FR  FD  D   FD  D D  (11 - 3)
 LR   + R nR 60 
© McGraw Hill 11
 Load-Life Relationship 3

1a 1a
 LD   + D nD 60 
C10  FR  FD    FD   (11 - 3)
L
 R + n
 R R  60

The desired design load FD and life LD come from the problem
statement.
The rated life LR will be stated by the specific bearing
manufacturer. Many catalogs rate at LR = 106 revolutions.
The catalog load rating C10 is used to find a suitable bearing in the
catalog.

© McGraw Hill 12
 Load-Life Relationship 4

It is often convenient to define a dimensionless multiple of rating

life
xD  LD LR

© McGraw Hill 13
 Example 11–1

Consider SKF, which rates its bearings for 1 million revolutions. If you desire a
life of 5000 h at 1725 rev/min with a load of 2 kN with a reliability of 90
percent, for which catalog rating would you search in an SKF catalog?

Solution

© McGraw Hill 14
© McGraw Hill 15
 Reliability versus Life 1

At constant load, the life measure distribution is right skewed.

The Weibull distribution is a good candidate.
Defining the life measure in dimensionless form as x = L/L10, the reliability is
expressed with a Weibull distribution as
  x  x b 
R  exp    0
  (11 - 4)
    x0  


where R = reliability.
x = life measure dimensionless variate, L/L10.
x0 = guaranteed, or “minimum,” value of x.
θ = characteristic parameter. For rolling-contact bearings, this
corresponds to the 63.2121 percentile value of x.
b = shape parameter that controls the skewness. For rolling-
contact bearings, b ≈ 1.5.

© McGraw Hill 16
 Reliability versus Life 2

From Eq. (1–8), R = 1 – p, where p is the probability of a value of x

occurring between –∞ and x.
p is the integral of the probability distribution f(x).
From the derivative of Eq. (11–4), the Weibull probability density
function is
 b  x  x b1   x  x b 
 
0
 exp   
0
  x  x0  0
f ( x)    x0    x0      x0   (11 - 5)

0 x  x0

© McGraw Hill 17
 Reliability versus Life 3

The mean and standard deviation of f(x) are

 x  x0  (  x0 )(1  1 b) (11 - 6)

ˆ x  (  x0 ) (1  2 b)   2 (1  1 b) (11 - 7)

Γ is the gamma function, and is tabulated in Table A–34

© McGraw Hill 18
 Reliability versus Life 4

Solving Eq. (11–4) for x yields

1b
 1
x  x0  (  x0 )  ln  (11 - 8)
 R

© McGraw Hill 19
 Example 11–2 (1)

Construct the distributional properties of a 02–30 mm deep-groove ball bearing if the Weibull
parameters are x0 = 0.020, θ = 4.459, and b = 1.483.
Find the mean, median, 10th percentile life, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation.

Solution

© McGraw Hill 20
 Relating Load, Life, and Reliability 1

Catalog information is at point A, at coordinates C10 and x10=L10/L10=1, on the

0.90 reliability contour.
The design information is at point D, at coordinates FD and xD, on the R=RD
reliability contour.
The designer must move from point D to point A via point B.

Fig. 11–5
Access the text alternative for slide images.

© McGraw Hill 21
 Relating Load, Life, and Reliability 2

Along a constant reliability contour (BD), Eq. (11–2) applies:

FB x1B a  FD x1Da
1a
x 
FB  FD  D  (a )
 xB 

Fig. 11–5

© McGraw Hill 22
 Relating Load, Life, and Reliability 3

Along a constant load line (AB), Eq. (11–4) applies:

  x  x b
RD  exp    B 0
 
    x0 
Solving for xB,  1 
1b

xB  x0  (  x0 )  ln 
 RD 

Fig. 11–5

© McGraw Hill 23
 Relating Load, Life, and Reliability 4

Substituting xB into Eq. (a),

1a
x 
1a
 xD 
FB  FD  D   FD  1b 
 xB   x0  (  x0 ) ln(1 RD )  

Noting that FB = C10, and including an application factor af,

1a
 xD 
C10  a f FD  1b 
(11 - 9)
 x0  (  x0 ) ln(1 RD )  

Note that when RD = 0.90, the denominator equals one and the
equation reduces to Eq. (11–3).

© McGraw Hill 24
 Weibull Parameters

The Weibull parameters x0, ϴ, and b are usually provided by the

catalog.
Typical values of Weibull parameters are given on p. 601 at the
beginning of the end-of-chapter problems, and shown below.
Manufacturer 1 parameters are common for tapered roller bearings
Manufacturer 2 parameters are common for ball and straight roller
bearings.
Weibull Parameters
Rating Lives
Rating Life,
Manufacturer Revolutions X0 ϴ b
1 90(106) 0 4.48 1.5
2 1(106) 0.02 4.459 1.483

© McGraw Hill 25
 Relating Load, Life, and Reliability 5
1a
 xD 
C10  a f FD  1b 
(11 - 9)
 x0  (  x0 ) ln(1 RD )  

Equation (11–9) can be simplified slightly for calculator entry.

Note that
1 1
ln  ln  ln(1  p f  )  p f  1  RD
RD 1 pf

where pf is the probability for failure

Thus Eq. (11–9) can be approximated by
1a
 xD 
C10  a f FD  1b 
R  0.90 (11 - 10)
x
 0  (  x0 )(1  RD ) 

© McGraw Hill 26
 Example 11–3

The design load on a ball bearing is 413 lbf and an application factor of 1.2 is
appropriate. The speed of the shaft is to be 300 rev/min, the life to be 30 kh with
a reliability of 0.99. What is the C10 catalog entry to be sought (or exceeded)
when searching for a deep-groove bearing in a manufacturer’s catalog on the
basis of 106 revolutions for rating life? The Weibull parameters are x0 = 0.02, (θ −
x0) = 4.439, and b = 1.483.
Solution

© McGraw Hill 27
© McGraw Hill 28
 Combined Reliability of Multiple Bearings

If the combined reliability of multiple bearings on a shaft, or in a

gearbox, is desired, then the total reliability is equal to the product
of the individual reliabilities.
For two bearings on a shaft, R = RARB
If the bearings are to be identical, each bearing should have a
reliability equal to the square root of the total desired reliability.
If the bearings are not identical, their reliabilities need not be
identical, so long as the total reliability is realized.

© McGraw Hill 29
 Dimension-Series Code

ABMA standardized dimension-series code represents the relative size of the

boundary dimensions of the bearing cross section for metric bearings.
Two digit series number.
First digit designates the width series.
Second digit designates the diameter series.
Specific dimensions are tabulated in catalogs under a specific series.

Fig. 11–7
Access the text alternative for slide images.

© McGraw Hill 30
 Representative Catalog Data for Ball Bearings (Table 11–2)
Dimensions and Load Ratings for Single-Row 02-Series Deep-Groove and Angular-Contact Ball Bearings
Shoulder Load Ratings, kN
Diameter, mm Deep Groove Angular Contact
Bore, Fillet
mm OD, mm Width,mm Radius,mm ds dH C10 C0 C10 C0
10 30 9 0.6 12.5 27 5.07 2.24 4.94 2.12
12 32 10 0.6 14.5 28 6.89 3.10 7.02 3.05
15 35 11 0.6 17.5 31 7.80 3.55 8.06 3.65
17 40 12 0.6 19.5 34 9.56 4.50 9.95 4.75
20 47 14 1.0 25 41 12.7 6.20 13.3 6.55
25 52 15 1.0 30 47 14.0 6.95 14.8 7.65
30 62 16 1.0 35 55 19.5 10.0 20.3 11.0
35 72 17 1.0 41 65 25.5 13.7 27.0 15.0
40 80 18 1.0 46 72 30.7 16.6 31.9 18.6
45 85 19 1.0 52 77 33.2 18.6 35.8 21.2
50 90 20 1.0 56 82 35.1 19.6 37.7 22.8
55 100 21 1.5 63 90 43.6 25.0 46.2 28.5
60 110 22 1.5 70 99 47.5 28.0 55.9 35.5
65 120 23 1.5 74 109 55.9 34.0 63.7 41.5
70 125 24 1.5 79 114 61.8 37.5 68.9 45.5
75 130 25 1.5 86 119 66.3 40.5 71.5 49.0
80 140 26 2.0 93 127 70.2 45.0 80.6 55.0
85 150 28 2.0 99 136 83.2 53.0 90.4 63.0
90 160 30 2.0 104 146 95.6 62.0 106 73.5
95 170 32 2.0 110 156 108 69.5 121 85.0

© McGraw Hill 31
 Representative Catalog Data for Cylindrical Roller Bearings
(Table 11–3)
02-Series 02-Series 03-Series 03-Series
Load Load Load Load
Rating, kN Rating, kN Rating, kN Rating, kN
Bore, mm OD, mm Width,mm C10 C0 OD, mm Width,mm C10 C0
25 52 15 16.8 8.8 62 17 28.6 15.0
30 62 16 22.4 12.0 72 19 36.9 20.0
35 72 17 31.9 17.6 80 21 44.6 27.1
40 80 18 41.8 24.0 90 23 56.1 32.5
45 85 19 44.0 25.5 100 25 72.1 45.4
50 90 20 45.7 27.5 110 27 88.0 52.0
55 100 21 56.1 34.0 120 29 102 67.2
60 110 22 64.4 43.1 130 31 123 76.5
65 120 23 76.5 51.2 140 33 138 85.0
70 125 24 79.2 51.2 150 35 151 102
75 130 25 93.1 63.2 160 37 183 125
80 140 26 106 69.4 170 39 190 125
85 150 28 119 78.3 180 41 212 149
90 160 30 142 100 190 43 242 160
95 170 32 165 112 200 45 264 189
100 180 34 183 125 215 47 303 220
110 200 38 229 167 240 50 391 304
120 215 40 260 183 260 55 457 340
130 230 40 270 193 280 58 539 408
140 250 42 319 240 300 62 682 454
150 270 45 446 260 320 65 781 502

© McGraw Hill 32
 Combined Radial and Thrust Loading 1

When ball bearings carry both an axial

thrust load Fa and a radial load Fr, an
equivalent radial load Fe that does the
same damage is used.
A plot of Fe/(VFr) vs. Fa /(VFr) is
obtained experimentally.
V is a rotation factor to account for the
difference in ball rotations for outer
ring rotation vs. inner ring roation.
• V = 1 for inner ring rotation.
• V = 1.2 for outer ring rotation.
Fig. 11–6
Access the text alternative for slide images.

© McGraw Hill 33
 Combined Radial and Thrust Loading 2

The data can be approximated by two

straight lines
Fe F
 1 when a  e
VFr VFr

Fe F F
 X  Y a when a  e
VFr VFr VFr

X is the ordinate intercept and

Y is the slope.
Basically indicates that Fe
equals Fr for smaller ratios of
Fa/Fr, then begins to rise when Fig. 11–6
Fa/Fr exceeds some amount e.
© McGraw Hill 34
 Combined Radial and Thrust Loading 3

It is common to express the two

equations as a single equation
Fe  X iVFr  Yi Fa (11 - 12)

where
i  1 when Fa (VFr )  e
i  2 when Fa (VFr )  e

X and Y factors depend on geometry

and construction of the specific
bearing.

Fig. 11–6

© McGraw Hill 35
 Equivalent Radial Load Factors for Ball Bearings 2

Fe  X iVFr  Yi Fa (11 - 9)
Fa ∕ (VFr) ≤ e Fa ∕ (VFr) ≤ e Fa ∕ (VFr) > e Fa ∕ (VFr) > e
Fa ∕ C0 E X1 Y1 X2 Y2
0.014* 0.19 1.00 0 0.56 2.30
0.021 0.21 1.00 0 0.56 2.15
0.028 0.22 1.00 0 0.56 1.99
0.042 0.24 1.00 0 0.56 1.85
0.056 0.26 1.00 0 0.56 1.71
0.070 0.27 1.00 0 0.56 1.63
0.084 0.28 1.00 0 0.56 1.55
0.110 0.30 1.00 0 0.56 1.45
0.17 0.34 1.00 0 0.56 1.31
0.28 0.38 1.00 0 0.56 1.15
0.42 0.42 1.00 0 0.56 1.04
0.56 0.44 1.00 0 0.56 1.00

X and Y are functions of e, which is a function of Fa /C0. Table 11–1

C0 is the basic static load rating, which is tabulated in the catalog.
© McGraw Hill 36
 Equivalent Radial Load Factors for Ball Bearings 1

Fe  X iVFr  Yi Fa (11 - 12)

X and Y for specific bearing obtained from bearing catalog.
Table 11–1 gives representative values in a manner common to many catalogs.
Table 11–1
Fa ∕ (VFr) ≤ e Fa ∕ (VFr) ≤ e Fa ∕ (VFr) > e Fa ∕ (VFr) > e
Fa ∕ C0 e X1 Y1 X2 Y2
0.014* 0.19 1.00 0 0.56 2.30
0.021 0.21 1.00 0 0.56 2.15
0.028 0.22 1.00 0 0.56 1.99
0.042 0.24 1.00 0 0.56 1.85
0.056 0.26 1.00 0 0.56 1.71
0.070 0.27 1.00 0 0.56 1.63
0.084 0.28 1.00 0 0.56 1.55
0.110 0.30 1.00 0 0.56 1.45
0.17 0.34 1.00 0 0.56 1.31
0.28 0.38 1.00 0 0.56 1.15
0.42 0.42 1.00 0 0.56 1.04
0.56 0.44 1.00 0 0.56 1.00
© McGraw Hill 37
 Bearing Life Recommendations (Table 11–4)

Type of Application Life, kh

Instruments and apparatus for infrequent use Up to 0.5
Aircraft engines 0.5–2
Machines for short or intermittent operation where service 4–8
interruption is of minor importance
Machines for intermittent service where reliable operation 8–14
is of great importance
Machines for 8-h service that are not always fully utilized 14–20
Machines for 8-h service that are fully utilized 20–30
Machines for continuous 24-h service 50–60
Machines for continuous 24-h service where reliability is 100–200
of extreme importance

© McGraw Hill 38
 Recommended Load Application Factors (Table 11–5)

Type of Application Load Factor

Precision gearing 1.0–1.1
Commercial gearing 1.1–1.3
Applications with poor bearing seals 1.2
Machinery with no impact 1.0–1.2
Machinery with light impact 1.2–1.5
Machinery with moderate impact 1.5–3.0

© McGraw Hill 39
 Example 11–4 (1)

An SKF 6210 angular-contact ball bearing has an axial load Fa of 400 lbf and a
radial load Fr of 500 lbf applied with the outer ring stationary. The basic static
load rating C0 is 4750 lbf and the basic load rating C10 is 7900 lbf. Estimate the
ℒ10 life at a speed of 720 rev/min.
Solution

© McGraw Hill 40
 Example 11–4 (2)

© McGraw Hill 41
 Variable Loading

F a L  constant  K (a )

Figure 11–9
Plot of Fa as ordinate and L as abscissa
for FaL = constant. The linear damage
hypothesis says that in the case of load
F1, the area under the curve from L = 0
to L = LA is a measure of the damage
D  F1a LA . The complete damage to
a
failure is measured by C10 LB .

Access the text alternative for slide images.

© McGraw Hill 42
 Variable Loading with Piecewise Constant Loading 1

Figure 11–10
A three-part piecewise-
continuous periodic loading
cycle involving loads Fe1, Fe2,
and Fe3. Feq is the equivalent
steady load inflicting the same
damage when run for l1 + l2 + l3
revolutions, doing the same
damage D per period.
D  Fea1l1  Fea2l2  Fea3l3 (b)

D  Feqa (l1  l2  l3 ) (c )

Access the text alternative for slide images.

© McGraw Hill 43
 Variable Loading with Piecewise Constant Loading 2

D  Fea1l1  Fea2l2  Fea3l3 (b)

D  Feqa (l1  l2  l3 ) (c )

1a
 Fea1l1  Fea2l2  Fea3l3 
   f i Feia 
1a
Feq    (11 - 13)
 l1  l 2  l3 

  ni ti F 
1a
a

Feq   
ei
(11 - 14)
  ni ti 

K
Feq    fi (a fi Fei ) 
a 1a
Leq  (11 - 15)
Feqa

© McGraw Hill 44
 Example 11–5 (1)

A ball bearing is run at four piecewise continuous steady loads as shown in the
following table. Columns (1), (2), and (5) to (8) are given.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
Product, Turns
Time Speed, Column Fraction, Fri, Fai, Fei, afi Fei,
Fraction rev/min (1) × (2) (3) ∕ Σ(3) lbf lbf lbf afi lbf
0.1 2000 600 300 794 1.10
0.1 3000 300 300 626 1.25
0.3 3000 750 300 878 1.10
0.5 2400 375 300 668 1.25

Columns 1 and 2 are multiplied to obtain column 3. The column 3 entry is

divided by the sum of column 3, 2600, to give column 4. Columns 5, 6, and 7
are the radial, axial, and equivalent loads, respectively. Column 8 is the
appropriate application factor. Column 9 is the product of columns 7 and 8.

© McGraw Hill 45
 Example 11–5 (2)

© McGraw Hill 46
 Variable Loading with Piecewise Constant Loading 3

Feqa Leq  Fea1l1  Fea2l2  Fea3l3

K  Fea1 L1  Fea2 L2  Fea3 L3

K K K li
K  F l  F l  F l  l1  l2  l3  K 
a
e1 1
a
e2 2
a
e3 3
L1 L2 L3 Li

li
 L 1 (11 - 16)
i

© McGraw Hill 47
 Variable Loading with Periodic Variation
dD  F a d

D   dD   F a d  Feqa
0
1a
1   K
Feq    F a d  Leq  (11 - 17)
 0  Feqa

Fig. 11–11

Access the text alternative for slide images.

© McGraw Hill 48
 Example 11–6 (1)

The operation of a particular rotary pump involves a power demand of P  P  A sin 

where P is the average power. The bearings feel the same variation as F  F  A sin  .
Develop an application factor af for this application of ball bearings.

Solution
From Equation (11–17), with a = 3,
1a 13
 1 2   1 2 
Feq  
 2
0
F a d 


 2
 0
( F  A sin  )3 d 


 
13
 1 2 2 2 2 
 F 3 d  3F 2 A sin  d  3FA2  sin 2  d  A3  sin 3  d 
 2 0 0 0 0

2 13
 1 
13
 3 A 
Feq   (2 F 3  0  3 FA2  0)   F 1    
 2   2  F  

© McGraw Hill 49
 Example 11–6 (2)

In terms of F , the application factor is

13
 3  A 2 
a f  1    
 2  F  
We can present the result in tabular form:
A F af
0 1
0.2 1.02
0.4 1.07 Answer
0.6 1.15
0.8 1.25
1.0 1.36

© McGraw Hill 50
 Problem 11.31

Shown in the figure is a gear-driven squeeze roll that mates with an

idler roll. The roll is designed to exert a normal force of 35 lbf/in
of roll length and a pull of 28 lbf/in on the material being
processed. The roll speed is 350 rev/min, and a design life of 35 kh
is desired. Use an application factor of 1.2, and select a pair of
angular-contact 02-series ball bearings from Table 11–2 to be
mounted at O and A. Use the same size bearings at both locations
and a combined reliability of at least 0.92.

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 Problem 11.32:
The figure shown is a geared countershaft with two gear set. Select an angular
contact ball bearing from Table 11–2 for mounting at O and C. The force on gear A is
FA 11 kN, and the shaft is to run at a speed of 420 rev/min. Specify the bearings
required, using an application factor of 1.2, a desired life of 40 kh, and a combined
reliability goal of 0.95, assuming distribution data from manufacturer 2 in Table 11–6.

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 Example 11–7 (1)

The second shaft on a parallel-shaft 25-hp foundry crane speed reducer contains a
helical gear with a pitch diameter of 8.08 in. Helical gears transmit components of
force in the tangential, radial, and axial directions (see Chapter 13). The
components of the gear force transmitted to the second shaft are shown in Figure
11–12, at point A. The bearing reactions at C and D, assuming simple-supports, are
also shown. A ball bearing is to be selected for location C to accept the thrust, and
a cylindrical roller bearing is to be utilized at location D. The life goal of the speed
reducer is 10 kh, with a reliability factor for the ensemble of all four bearings (both
shafts) to equal or exceed 0.96 for the Weibull parameters of Example 11–3. The
application factor is to be 1.2.
(a) Select the roller bearing for location D.
(b) Select the ball bearing (angular contact) for location C, assuming the inner ring
rotates.

© McGraw Hill 60
 Example 11–7 (2)

Fig. 11–12
Access the text alternative for slide images.

© McGraw Hill 61
 Example 11–7 (4)

(a) From Equation (11–10), the Weibull parameters of Example 11–3, an

application factor of 1.2, and a = 10 ∕ 3 for the roller bearing at D, the catalog
rating should be equal to or greater than
1a
 xD 
C10  a f FD  1b 
x
 0  (  x0 )(1  RD ) 
3 10
 393.2 
 1.2(316.0)  1 1.483 
 3591 lbf  16.0 kN
 0.02  4.439(1  0.99) 

The absence of a thrust component makes the selection procedure simple.

Choose a 02-25 mm series, or a 03-25 mm series cylindrical roller bearing from
Table 11–3.
Answer

© McGraw Hill 62
 Example 11–7 (3)

Solution
The torque transmitted is T = 595(4.04) = 2404 lbf · in. The speed at the rated
horsepower, given by Equation (3–42), p. is
63025 H 63025(25)
nD    655.4 rev/min
T 2404
The radial load at D is 106.62  297.52  316.0 lbf, and the radial load at C is
356.62  297.52  464.4 lbf. The individual bearing reliabilities, if equal, must be
at least 4
0.96  0.98985  0.99. The dimensionless design life for both bearings
LD 60 is
+ D nD 60(10000)655.4
xD    6
 393.2
L10 L10 10

© McGraw Hill 63
 Example 11–7 (5)

(b) The ball bearing at C involves a thrust component. This

selection procedure requires an iterative procedure. Assuming
Fa ∕ (VFr) > e,
1 Choose Y2 from Table 11–1.
2 Find C10.
3 Tentatively identify a suitable bearing from Table 11–2, note
C0.
4 Using Fa ∕C0 enter Table 11–1 to obtain a new value of Y2.
5 Find C10.
6 If the same bearing is obtained, stop.
7 If not, take next bearing and go to step 4.

© McGraw Hill 64
 Example 11–7 (6)

As a first approximation, take the middle entry from Table 11–1:

X 2  0.56 Y2  1.63.

From Equation (11–12), with V = 1,

Fe  XVFr  YFa  0.56(1)(464.4)  1.63(344)  821 lbf  3.65 kN

From Equation (11–10), with a = 3,

13
 393.2 
C10  1.2(3.65)  1 1.483 
 53.2 kN
 0.02  4.439(1  0.99) 

From Table 11–2, angular-contact bearing 02-60 mm has C10 = 55.9

kN. C0 is 35.5 kN.

© McGraw Hill 65
 Example 11–7 (7)

Step 4 becomes, with Fa in kN,

Fa 3.44(4.45)103
  0.0431
C0 35.5
which makes e from Table 11–1 approximately 0.24. Now Fa ∕ (VFr) = 344 ∕ [(1)
464.4] = 0.74, which is greater than 0.24, so we find Y2 by interpolation:
Fa ∕ C0 Y2
0.042 1.85
0.043 Y2 from which Y2 = 1.84
0.056 1.71

© McGraw Hill 66
 Example 11–7 (8)

From Equation (11–12),

Fe  0.56(1)(464.4)  1.84(344)  893 lbf  3.97 kN
The prior calculation for C10 changes only in Fe, so
3.97
C10  53.2  57.9 kN
3.65
From Table 11–2 an angular contact bearing 02-65 mm has C10 = 63.7 kN and C0
of 41.5 kN. Again,
Fa 344(4.45)103
  0.0369
C0 41.5
making e approximately 0.23. Now from before, Fa ∕ (VFr) = 0.74, which is
greater than 0.23. We find Y2 again by interpolation:
Fa ∕ C 0 Y2
0.028 1.99
0.0369 Y2 from which Y2 = 1.90
0.042 1.85

© McGraw Hill 67
 Example 11–7 (9)

From Equation (11–12),

Fe  0.56(1)(464.4)  1.90(344)  914 lbf  4.07 kN

The prior calculation for C10 changes only in Fe, so

4.07
C10  53.2  59.3 kN
3.65
From Table 11–2 an angular-contact 02-65 mm is still selected, so
the iteration is complete. Answer

© McGraw Hill 68
 Tapered Roller Bearings 1

Straight roller bearings can carry large radial loads, but no axial
load.
Ball bearings can carry moderate radial loads, and small axial
loads.
Tapered roller bearings rely on roller tipped at an angle to allow
them to carry large radial and large axial loads.
Tapered roller bearings were popularized by the Timken Company.

© McGraw Hill 69
 Tapered Roller Bearings 2

Two separable parts.

• Cone assembly.
• Cone (inner ring).
• Rollers.
• Cage.
• Cup (outer ring).
Rollers are tapered so virtual
apex is on shaft centerline.
Taper allows for pure rolling
of angled rollers.
Distance a locates the
effective axial location for
force analysis. Fig. 11–13
Access the text alternative for slide images.

© McGraw Hill Source: Redrawn from material Furnished by The Timken Company. 70
 Mounting Directions of Tapered Roller Bearings

Mount pairs in opposite

directions to counter the axial
loads.
Can be mounted in direct
mounting or indirect mounting
configurations.
For the same effective spread
ae, direct mounting requires
greater geometric spread ag.
For the same geometric spread
ag, direct mounting provides
smaller effect spread ae.
Access the text alternative for slide images.
Fig. 11–14
© McGraw Hill Source: Redrawn from material Furnished by The Timken Company. 71
 Typical Catalog Data (Fig. 11–15) 1

© McGraw Hill 72
 Typical Catalog Data (Fig. 11–15) 2

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 Induced Thrust Load

A radial load induces a thrust reaction due to the roller angle.

0.47 Fr
Fi  (11 - 18)
K
K is ratio of radial load rating to thrust load rating.
K is dependent on specific bearing, and is tabulated in catalog.

Fig. 11–16
Access the text alternative for slide images.

© McGraw Hill 74
 Equivalent Radial Load 1

The equivalent radial load for tapered roller bearings is found in

similar form as before,
Fe  XVFr  YFa
Timken recommends X = 0.4 and Y = K
Fe  0.4 Fr  KFa
Fa is the net axial load carried by the bearing, including induced
thrust load from the other bearing and the external axial load
carried by the bearing.
Only one of the bearings will carry the external axial load.

© McGraw Hill 75
 Determining Which Bearing Carries External Axial Load

Regardless of mounting direction or shaft orientation, visually

inspect to determine which bearing is being “squeezed”.
Label this bearing as Bearing A.

Fig. 11–17
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© McGraw Hill 76
 Net Axial Load

Generally, Bearing A (the squeezed bearing) carries the net axial

load.
Occasionally the induced thrust from Bearing A, FiA, is greater than
the combination of the induced thrust from Bearing B, FiB, and the
external axial load Fae , that is
FiA  ( FiB  Fae )

If this happens, then Bearing B actually carries the net axial load.

© McGraw Hill 77
 Equivalent Radial Load 2

Timken recommends using the full radial load for the bearing that
is not carrying the net axial load.
Equivalent radial load equation:
 FeA  0.4 FrA  K A ( FiB  Fae ) (11 - 19a )
If FiA  ( FiB  Fae ) 
 FeB  FrB (11 - 19b)

 FeB  0.4 FrB  K B ( FiA  Fae ) (11 - 20a )

If FiA  ( FiB  Fae ) 
 FeA  FrA (11 - 20b )

If the equivalent radial load is less than the original radial load,
then use the original radial load.

© McGraw Hill 78
 11.44:
The gear-reduction unit shown has a gear that is press fit onto a cylindrical sleeve
that rotates around a stationary shaft. The helical gear transmits an axial thrust
load T of 250 lbf as shown in the figure. Tangential and radial loads (not shown) are
also transmitted through the gear, producing radial ground reaction forces at the
bearings of 875 lbf for bearing A and 625 lbf for bearing B. The desired life for each
bearing is 90 kh at a speed of 150 rev/min with a 90 percent reliability. The first
iteration of the shaft design indicates approximate diameters of 1.125 in at A and 1
in at B. Select suitable tapered roller bearings from Fig. 11–15.

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 Q-11.43:
An outer hub rotates around a stationary shaft, supported by two tapered roller
bearings as shown in Fig. 11–23. The device is to operate at 250 rev/min, 8 hours
per day, 5 days per week, for 5 years, before bearing replacement is necessary. A
reliability of 90 percent on each bearing is acceptable. A free body analysis
determines the radial force carried by the upper bearing to be 12 kN and the radial
force at the lower bearing to be 25 kN. In addition, the outer hub applies a
downward force of 5 kN. Assuming bearings are available with K = 1.5, find the
required radial rating for each bearing. Assume an application factor of 1.2

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 Example 11–8 (1)

The shaft depicted in Figure 11–18a carries a helical gear with a tangential force of 3980
N, a radial force of 1770 N, and a thrust force of 1690 N at the pitch cylinder with
directions shown. The pitch diameter of the gear is 200 mm. The shaft runs at a speed of
800 rev/min, and the span (effective spread) between the direct-mount bearings is 150
mm. The design life is to be 5000 h and an application factor of 1 is appropriate. If the
reliability of the bearing set is to be 0.99, select suitable single-row tapered-roller Timken
bearings.

Fig. 11–18
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© McGraw Hill 89
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 Example 11–8 (2)

The reactions in the xz plane from Figure 11–18b are

3980(50)
RzA   1327 N
150
3980(100)
RzB   2653 N
150
The reactions in the xy plane from Figure 11–18c are
1770(50) 169000
RyA    1716.7  1717 N
150 150
1770(100) 169000
RyB    53.3 N
150 150

Fig. 11–18
Access the text alternative for slide images.

© McGraw Hill 94
 Example 11–8 (3)

The radial loads FrA and FrB are the vector additions of RyA and RzA, and
RyB and RzB, respectively:
FrA  ( RzA
2
 RyA )  (1327 2  1717 2 )1 2  2170 N
2 12

FrB  ( RzB
2
 RyB )  (26532  53.32 )1 2  2654 N
2 12

Trial 1: With direct mounting of the bearings and application of the

external thrust to the shaft, the squeezed bearing is bearing A as labeled in
Figure 11–18a. Using K of 1.5 as the initial guess for each bearing, the
induced loads from the bearings are
0.47 FrA 0.47(2170)
FiA    680 N
KA 1.5
0.47 FrB 0.47(2654)
FiB    832 N
KB 1.5

© McGraw Hill 95
 Example 11–8 (4)

Since FiA is clearly less than FiB + Fae, bearing A carries the net thrust load, and Equation
(11–19) is applicable. Therefore, the dynamic equivalent loads are
FeA  0.4 FrA  K A ( FiB  Fae )  0.4(2170)  1.5(832  1690)  4651 N
FeB  FrB  2654 N

The multiple of rating life is

LD + D nD 60 (5000)(800)(60)
xD    6
 2.67
LR LR 90(10 )

Estimate RD as 0.99  0.995 for each bearing. For bearing A, from Equation (11–
the catalog entry C10 should equal10)
or exceed
3 10
 2.67 
C10  (1)(4651)  23
 11 486 N
 (4.48)(1  0.995) 
From Figure 11–15, tentatively select type TS 15100 cone and 15245 cup, which will
work: KA = 1.67, C10 = 12 100 N.

© McGraw Hill 96
 Example 11–8 (5)

For bearing B, from Equation (11–10), the catalog entry C10 should
equal or exceed
3 10
 2.67 
C10  (1)2654  23
 6554 N
 (4.48)(1  0.995) 
Tentatively select the bearing identical to bearing A, which will
work: KB = 1.67, C10 = 12 100 N.

© McGraw Hill 97
 Example 11–8 (6)

Trial 2: Repeat the process with KA = KB = 1.67 from tentative bearing

selection.
0.47 FrA 0.47(2170)
FiA    611 N
KA 1.67
0.47 FrB 0.47(2654)
FiB    747 N
KB 1.67
Since FiA is still less than FiB + Fae, Equation (11–19) is still applicable.
FeA  0.4 FrA  K A ( FiB  Fae )  0.4(2170)  1.67(747  1690)  4938 N
FeB  FrB  2654 N
For bearing A, from Equation (11–10) the corrected catalog entry C10
should equal or exceed
3 10
 2.67 
C10  (1)(4938)  23
 12 195 N
 (4.48)(1  0.995) 
© McGraw Hill 98
 Example 11–8 (7)

Although this catalog entry exceeds slightly the tentative selection for bearing A,
we will keep it since the reliability of bearing B exceeds 0.995. In the next
section we will quantitatively show that the combined reliability of bearing A
and B will exceed the reliability goal of 0.99.
For bearing B, FeB = FrB = 2654 N. From Equation (11–10),
3 10
 2.67 
C10  (1)2654  23
 6554 N
 (4.48)(1  0.995) 

Select cone and cup 15100 and 15245, respectively, for both bearing A and B.
Note from Figure 11–14 the effective load center is located at a = −5.8 mm, that
is, 5.8 mm into the cup from the back. Thus the shoulder-to- shoulder dimension
should be 150 − 2(5.8) = 138.4 mm. Note that in each iteration of Equation (11–
10) to find the catalog load rating, the bracketed portion of the equation is
identical and need not be re-entered on a calculator each time.

© McGraw Hill 99
 Realized Bearing Reliability 1

Eq. (11–9) was previously derived to determine a suitable catalog rated load for
a given design situation and reliability goal.
1a
 xD 
C10  a f FD  1b 
(11 - 9)
 x0  (  x0 ) ln(1 RD )  

An actual bearing is selected from a catalog with a rating greater than C10.
Sometimes it is desirable to determine the realized reliability from the actual
bearing (that was slightly higher capacity than needed).
Solving Eq. (11–9) for the reliability,
  a

b

 x  a F 
D
f D
  x0  
   C10   
R  exp      (11 - 21)
    x0  
   
   

© McGraw Hill 100

 Realized Bearing Reliability 2

Similarly for the alternate approximate equation, Eq. (11–10),

1a
 xD 
C10  a f FD  1b 
R  0.90 (11 - 10)
x
 0  (  x0 )(1  RD ) 
b
  a f FD  a 
 xD    x0 
 C 
R  1    10   R  0.90 (11 - 22)
   x0 
 
 

© McGraw Hill 101

 Example 11–9

In Example 11–3, the minimum required load rating for 99 percent reliability, at xD = LD ∕ L10
= 540, is C10 = 6696 lbf = 29.8 kN. From Table 11–2 a 02-40 mm deep-groove ball bearing
would satisfy the requirement. If the bore in the application had to be 70 mm or larger
(selecting a 02-70 mm deep-groove ball bearing), what is the resulting reliability?

Solution
From Table 11–2, for a 02-70 mm deep-groove ball bearing, C10 = 61.8 kN = 13 888 lbf.
Using Equation (11–22), recalling from Example 11–3 that af = 1.2, FD = 413 lbf, x0 = 0.02,
(θ − x0) = 4.439, and b = 1.483, we can write
1.483
 1.2(413) 
3

 540    0.02  
   13 888   
R  1    0.999 963 Answer
 4.439 
 
 
which, as expected, is much higher than 0.99 from Example 11–3.

© McGraw Hill 102

 Realized Reliability for Tapered Roller Bearings

Substituting typical Weibull parameters for tapered roller bearings

into Eqs. (11–21) and (11–22) give realized reliability equations
customized for tapered roller bearings.
   
b

 xD  
R  exp  
  
   10 
a

C ( a f D   
F )
 
   
32

 xD  
 exp   (11 - 23)
  4.48 C10 (a f FD )   
 10 3

 
b 32
   
 xD   xD 
R  1  a 
 1   10 3 
(11 - 24)
 C10 (a f FD )    4.48 C10 (a f FD )  

© McGraw Hill 103

 Example 11–10 (1)

In Example 11–8 bearings A and B (cone 15100 and cup 15245) have C10 = 12
100 N. What is the reliability of the pair of bearings A and B?
Solution
The desired life xD was 5000(800)60∕[90(106)] = 2.67 rating lives. Using
Equation (11–24) for bearing A, where from Example 11–8, FD = FeA = 4938 N,
and af = 1, gives
32
 2.67 
RA  1   10 3 
 0.994 791
 4.4812 100 (1  4938)  

which is less than 0.995, as expected. Using Equation (11–24) for bearing B with
FD = FeB = 2654 N gives
32
 2.67 
RB  1   10 3 
 0.999 766
 4.48 12 100 (1  2654)  
© McGraw Hill 104
 Example 11–10 (2)

The reliability of the bearing pair is

R  RA RB  0.994 791(0.999 766)  0.994 558 Answer

which is greater than the overall reliability goal of 0.99. When two
bearings are made identical for simplicity, or reducing the number
of spares, or other stipulation, and the loading is not the same, both
can be made smaller and still meet a reliability goal. If the loading
is disparate, then the more heavily loaded bearing can be chosen
for a reliability goal just slightly larger than the overall goal.

© McGraw Hill 105

 Example 11–11 (1)

Consider a constrained housing as depicted in Figure 11–19 with two direct-mount

tapered roller bearings resisting an external thrust Fae of 8000 N. The shaft speed is 950
rev/min, the desired life is 10 000 h, the expected shaft diameter is approximately 1 in.
The reliability goal is 0.95. The application factor is appropriately af = 1.
(a) Choose a suitable tapered roller bearing for A.
(b) Choose a suitable tapered roller bearing for B.
(c) Find the reliabilities RA, RB, and R.

Fig. 11–19

Access the text alternative for slide images.

© McGraw Hill 106

 Example 11–11 (2)

Solution
(a) By inspection, note that the left bearing carries the axial load and is properly
labeled as bearing A. The bearing reactions at A are
FrA  FrB  0
FaA  Fae  8000 N

Since bearing B is unloaded, we will start with R = RA = 0.95.

With no radial loads, there are no induced thrust loads. Equation (11–19) is
applicable.
FeA  0.4 FrA  K A ( FiB  Fae )  K A Fae
If we set KA = 1, we can find C10 in the thrust column and avoid iteration:

FeA  (1)8000  8000 N

FeB  FrB  0

© McGraw Hill 107

 Example 11–11 (3)

The multiple of rating life is

LD + D nD 60 (10 000)(950)(60)
xD    6
 6.333
LR LR 90(10 )
Then, from Equation (11–10), for bearing A
3 10
 xD 
C10  a f FeA  23
 4.48(1  RD ) 
3 10
 6.33 
 (1)8000  23
 16 159 N
 4.48(1  0.95) 
Figure 11–15 presents one possibility in the 1-in bore (25.4-mm)
size: cone, HM88630, cup HM88610 with a thrust rating (C10)a =
17 200 N. Answer

© McGraw Hill 108

 Example 11–11 (4)

(b) Bearing B experiences no load, and the cheapest bearing of this bore size will do, including a ball
or roller bearing. Answer
(c) The actual reliability of bearing A, from Equation (11–24), is
32
 
 xD 
RA  1   10 3 
 
 4.48 C10 (a f FD )  
32
 6.333 

 1  10 3 
 0.963 Answer
 4.4817 200 (1  8000)  
which is greater than 0.95, as one would expect. For bearing B,
FD  FeB  0 Answer
32
 6.333 
RB  1   10 3 
 1 0  1
 0.85(17 200 0) 
as one would expect. The combined reliability of bearings A and B as a pair is
R  RA RB  0.963(1)  0.963 Answer
which is greater than the reliability goal of 0.95, as one would expect.

© McGraw Hill 109

 Bearing Lubrication 1

The purposes of bearing lubrication.

• To provide a film of lubricant between the sliding and rolling
surfaces.
• To help distribute and dissipate heat.
• To prevent corrosion of the bearing surfaces.
• To protect the parts from the entrance of foreign matter.

© McGraw Hill 110

 Bearing Lubrication 2

Either oil or grease may be used, with each having advantages in

certain situations.

Use Grease When Use Oil When

The temperature is not over 200°F. Speeds are high.
The speed is low. Temperatures are high.
Unusual protection is required from Oiltight seals are readily employed.
the entrance of foreign matter. Bearing type is not suitable for
Simple bearing enclosures are grease lubrication.
desired. The bearing is lubricated from a
Operation for long periods without central supply which is also used for
attention is desired. other machine parts.

© McGraw Hill 111

 Some Common Bearing Mounting Configurations 1

Fig. 11–20

Fig. 11–21

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© McGraw Hill 112

 Some Common Bearing Mounting Configurations 2

Fig. 11–22

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© McGraw Hill Source: Redrawn from material Furnished by The Timken Company. 113
 Some Common Bearing Mounting Configurations 3

Fig. 11–23
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© McGraw Hill Source: Redrawn from material Furnished by The Timken Company. 114
 Duplexing

When maximum stiffness and resistance to shaft misalignment is

desired, pairs of angular-contact bearings can be used in an
arrangement called duplexing.
Duplex bearings have rings ground with an offset.
When pairs are clamped together, a preload is established.

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© McGraw Hill 115

 Duplexing Arrangements

Three common duplexing arrangements:

(a) DF mounting – Face to face, good for radial and thrust loads from either
direction.
(b) DB mounting – Back to back, same as DF, but with greater alignment
stiffness.
(c) DT mounting – Tandem, good for thrust only in one direction.

Fig. 11–24
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© McGraw Hill Source: Redrawn from material Furnished by The Timken Company. 116
 Preferred Fits

Rotating ring usually requires a press fit.

Stationary ring usually best with a push fit.
Allows stationary ring to creep, bringing new portions into the
load-bearing zone to equalize wear.

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 Preloading

Object of preloading.
• Remove internal clearance.
• Increase fatigue life.
• Decrease shaft slope at bearing.

Fig. 11–25

© McGraw Hill 118

 Alignment

Catalogs will specify alignment requirements for specific bearings.

Typical maximum ranges for shaft slopes at bearing locations.

Tapered roller 0.0005 to 0.0012 rad

Cylindrical roller 0.0008 to 0.0012 rad
Deep-groove ball 0.001 to 0.003 rad
Spherical ball 0.026 to 0.052 rad
Self-align ball 0.026 to 0.052 rad

© McGraw Hill 119

 Enclosures

Common shaft seals to exclude dirt and retain lubricant

Fig. 11–26

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© McGraw Hill Source: Based on General Motors Corp., GM Media Archives 120
 End of Main Content

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