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TX Protection

This document discusses distribution transformer protection through low voltage circuit protection. It addresses the objectives of LV circuit protection, the limiting factors of prospective fault current, time-current characteristics of LV fuses, checklists for problematic substation maintenance, stock levels and consumption of different fuse sizes, recommended fuse sizes for transformers, and inspections at the transformer structure.

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semajames
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147 views

TX Protection

This document discusses distribution transformer protection through low voltage circuit protection. It addresses the objectives of LV circuit protection, the limiting factors of prospective fault current, time-current characteristics of LV fuses, checklists for problematic substation maintenance, stock levels and consumption of different fuse sizes, recommended fuse sizes for transformers, and inspections at the transformer structure.

Uploaded by

semajames
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER

PROTECTION

Network Maintenance
Fuse Grading (L.V. Circuit Protection)
Object of L.V. Circuit Protection
a) Protect transformer from sustained over-load when a fault,
phase to phase or phase to neutral, occurs beyond it and to
isolate such fault from the supply

b) To carry the normal full-load current of the circuit concerned

Conditions to be fulfilled - Prospective Fault Current


For the fuse to operate - the available or prospective fault current
must be sufficient to operate the fuse in a sufficiently short time to
avoid damage both to the transformer and at the point of the fault
– on the overhead lv line or, on the service line lead-in to a
Limiting Factors
The available or prospective fault current is limited by two main
factors:
i) The fault capacity at the transformer L.V. bushings – mainly
governed by the size (capacity) of the transformer itself and, to a
lesser extent, the fault capacity of the 11kv line at the point where
the transformer is installed.

ii) The impedance of the L.V. distributor between the transformer


and the fault. It follows that the smaller a transformer and the longer
the low voltage line is, the greater the danger that a short circuit at
the end of it will not generate sufficient current to clear the fuse, but
will cause sufficient overload to burn out the transformer winding
and, equally important, will create an uninterrupted hazard (danger)
at the point of the fault.
Time – Current Characteristics for LV
Fuses
4000
PROSPECTIVE PHASE TO NEUTRAL FAULT CURRENT
3800 ON A 50mm AA LV FEEDER

3600
LEGEND
3400 1 - INF. BUSBAR
2 - 3PH 315KVA
3200 3 - 3PH 200KVA
4 - 3PH 100KVA
3000 5 - 1PH 25KVA
6 - 3PH 50KVA
2800 7 - 3PH 25KVA
8 - 1PH 5KVA
FAULT CURRENT (AMPS)

2600
VOLTAGE 230/400V
1
2400

2200

2000 2

1800

3
1600

1400
4

1200

6
1000
5
800

600 7

400
8
200

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

DISTANCE FROM TRANSFORM ER (M )


4000
PROSPECTIVE PHASE TO NEUTRAL FAULT CURRENT
3800 ON A 100mm AA LV FEEDER

3600
LEGEND
1 - INF. BUSBAR
3400
2 - 3PH 315KVA
3 - 3PH 200KVA
3200
4 - 3PH 100KVA
1 5 - 3PH 50KVA
3000
6 - 3PH 25KVA

2800
VOLTAGE: 230/400V
FAULT CURRENT (AMPS)

2600

2400
2
2200

2000
3

1800

1600
4

1400

1200

1000 5

800

600 6

400

200

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

DISTANCE FROM TRANSFORM ER (M )


Check list – Problematic substation
maintenance (1)
Carry out thorough LV Network inspections, look out for the
following;

 Loose sagging / clashing conductors / overstretched LV spans


 Phase balancing / Connections per phase
 Overstretched LV network (> 600m)
 Rotten LV poles needing replacement
 Trees on LV wayleave trace
 Jumper connections / lack of line tap connectors
 PME earthing, 1 span away, Terminal poles
Check list – Problematic substation maintenance (2)

Load checks using Clip on ammeter at the Tx structure per


phase
 Indicate need for load balancing by redistributing phase
loads

 Indicate need for load balancing by stringing extra phase


or new circuit

 Indicate need for a reliever Tx


Fuses in stock and consumption
Code Description
AVERAGE MONTHLY
QTY CONSUMPTION

123020 FUSE LINK WEDGE LV 63A HRC 29,974 2,955

123022 FUSE LINK WEDGE LV 100A HRC 14,791 4,954

123023 FUSE LINK WEDGE LV 125A HRC 12,176 4,528

123024 FUSE LINK WEDGE LV 160A HRC 3,681 5,443

123025 FUSE LINK WEDGE LV 200A HRC 19,652 5,036

123026 FUSE LINK WEDGE LV 315A HRC 35,387 3,404

123027 FUSE LINK WEDGE LV 400A HRC 9,911 1,050


Stock value of available fuses
AVERAGE
Code Description QTY MONTHLY
CONSUMPTION MAP TOTAL VALUE

123020 FUSE LINK WEDGE LV 63A HRC 29,974 2,955 395.25 11,846,999.19

123022 FUSE LINK WEDGE LV 100A HRC 14,791 4,954 382.38 5,655,841.10

123023 FUSE LINK WEDGE LV 125A HRC 12,176 4,528 376.74 4,587,259.08

123024 FUSE LINK WEDGE LV 160A HRC 3,681 5,443 397.87 1,464,562.61

123025 FUSE LINK WEDGE LV 200A HRC 19,652 5,036 375.14 7,372,354.58

123026 FUSE LINK WEDGE LV 315A HRC 35,387 3,404 449.85 15,918,897.52

123027 FUSE LINK WEDGE LV 400A HRC 9,911 1,050 368.14 3,648,690.68

50,494,604.76
GUIDE / RECOMMENDED LV TX FUSE SIZES

TX SIZE Max. Full Load (A) No. of cts. Recommended


fuse size per cct.
15 KVA 1ø 60 A 1 63A

25 KVA 1ø 100A 1 63A or 100A

50 KVA 3ø 67A 1 63A

100 KVA 3ø 133A 1 160A

200 KVA 3ø 267A 2 160A

315 KVA 3ø 420A 3 200A / 160A

Note:- 315A & 400A fuses may still be used with justification, e.g. on 315KVA
Tx with 1 cct. Supplying a single factory
Inspections at the Tx structure

 Check continuity of HV earthing


 Check continuity of Surge Diverter earthing
 Check status of Surge Diverters
 Check status of Tx leads
 Check lugging /crimping connections at fuse carriers and
Tx bushings
 Check connections / Line taps / Double neutral line taps at
Tx
 Check fuses per phase / fuse sizes
 Check housekeeping issues at structure / status of fuse
carriers
Distribution Transformer
Protection

Thank you for your kind


attention

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