CSN 102:

DATA STRUCTURES
Stack: Stack fundamentals, Infix to Postfix, Postfix
Evaluation, Implementation of recursion
Abstract Data Type (ADT)
• An Abstract Data Type is:
• Set of values
• Set of operations which can be uniformly applied to these values
• Set of Axioms
What is Stack?
• Stores the elements in particular way
• Last In First Out (LIFO)
• push(key): inserts the element key at top of stack
• pop(): deletes the element from top of stack
Last In First Out (LIFO)

E top
D top D D top
C top C C C
B top B B B B
A top A A A A A
Stack Abstract Data Type
• Stack ADT has:
• Values based on what kind of data stack stores
• Main operations:
• new() : creates a new stack
• push(S, key): inserts element key at top of stack S
• pop(S): deletes element from top of stack S
• top(S): returns the top element of stack S without deleting it
• Supported operations:
• isEmpty(S): checks whether stack S is empty or not
• isFull(S): checks whether stack S is full or not
• Axioms:
• pop(push(S,v)) = S
• top(push(S,v)) = v
Stack Operations
push(S, key)
if (stack is not full)
increase top by 1
insert key at top

pop(S)
if (stack is not empty)
key = delete element at top
decrease top by 1
return (key)
Stack application: Balanced Braces
Traces of algorithm checking balanced braces
Postfix Expression
• Evaluation of postfix expression is simple and can be
performed in single pass
• Operator is after its respective operands
• infix expression postfix expression
• A op B A B op
• 2+3*4 234*+
• (2+3)*4 23+4*
Infix to postfix conversion: Intuitive
=> If parenthesis exist in infix expression, first performed above
conversion inside parenthesis

1. Fully parenthesized expression

a / b - c + d * e - a * c => ((((a / b) - c) + (d * e)) – (a * c))

2. All operators replace their corresponding right parentheses.

((((a / b) - c) + (d * e)) – (a * c))
- * *
/ + -
3. Delete all parentheses.
ab/c-de*+ac*-
Infix to postfix conversion: Pseudocode
while( not end of input ) {
c = next input character
if( c is an operand )
add c to postfix string
else if ( empty(s) ) {
push ( s, c )
}
else {
while( !empty(s) && prcd(top(s),c) ) {
op = pop(s)
add op to the postfix string
}
push( s, c ) }
}
while( !empty(s) ) {
op = pop(s)
add op to postfix string
}
Infix to postfix conversion: Precedence
• prcd( a, b ): returns TRUE
• If precedence of a is greater than b
• If a and b has same precedence and are left associative
• Eg. prcd ( *, + ), prcd ( /, *)

• prcd( a, b ): returns FALSE

• If precedence of a is less than b
• If a and b has same precedence and are right associative
• Eg. prcd( -, / ), prcd ( ^, ++)

Pre-increment
Infix to postfix conversion: Example (1)
Traces of algorithm for converting infix
A+B*C/D-E to postfix
Infix to postfix conversion: Example (2)
Traces of algorithm for converting infix
(A+B*(C-D))/E to postfix
Exercise
• Convert Below infix expression to postfix expression
• A/B^C+D*E–A*C

• (A / B ^ ( C + D ) ) * ( E – A * C )
Exercise
• Convert Below infix expression to postfix expression
• A/B^C+D*E–A*C
• ABC^/DE*+AC*–

• (A / B ^ ( C + D ) ) * ( E – A * C )
• ABCD+^/EAC*–*
Postfix Evaluation
• Again an application of stack
• Read postfix expression from left to right
• If next character is operand, push to stack
• If next character is operator,
• pop the top element and store in operand2
• pop the top element and store in operand1
• push result of expression operand1 operator operand2 into stack
• Stop when postfix expression is empty
• pop the top element which is results
Postfix evaluation : Example(1)
Infix : ( 36 – 12 ) / 4 = 6
postfix: 36 12 – 4 /
Next Symbol Action Stack
36 push 36 36
12 push 12 36 12
- pop; operand2 = 12 24
pop; operand1 = 36
Result = operand1 - operand2 = 36 – 12 = 24
push 24
4 push 4 24 4
/ pop; operand2 = 4 6
pop; operand1 = 24
Result = operand1 / operand2 = 24 / 4 = 6
push 6
Postfix evaluation : Example(2)
Infix : 4 / 2 – 2 + 3 * 3 – 4 * 2 = 1
postfix: 4 2 / 2 – 3 3 * + 4 2 * –
Next Symbol Action Stack
4 push (4) 4
2 push (2) 42
/ op2 = 2; op1 = 4; 4 / 2 = 2; push (2) 2
2 push (2) 22
– op2 = 2; op1 = 2; 2 – 2 = 0; push (0) 0
3 push (3) 03
3 push (3) 033
* op2 = 3; op1 = 3; 3 * 3 = 9; push (9) 09
+ op2 = 9; op1 = 0; 0 + 9 = 9; push (9) 9
4 push (4) 94
2 push (2) 942
* op2 = 2; op1 = 4; 4 * 2 = 8; push (8) 98
– op2 = 8; op1 = 9; 9 – 8 = s1; push (1) 1
Array Implementation of Stack
• To implement a stack, items are inserted and removed at
the same end (called top)

• Efficient array implementation requires that the top of the

stack be towards the center of the array, not fixed at one
end

• To use an array to implement a stack, you need both the

array itself and an integer top which tells the location of
element at top of the stack
push and pop Operations
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
stk: 17 23 97 44

top = 3
• push elements {17, 23, 97, 44} in stk
• perform a pop operation
push and pop Operations
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
stk: 17 23 97 44

top = 2
• When we pop an element, do you just leave the “deleted”
element sitting in the array?
• The surprising answer is, “it depends”
• If this is an array of primitives, or if you are programming in C or C+
+, then doing anything more is just a waste of time
• If you are programming in Java, and the array contains objects,
you should set the “deleted” array element to null
• Why? To allow it to be garbage collected!
Implementing Two Stacks
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

17 23 49 57 3 34 96

stk1 stk2
• Initially top1 = -1 and top2 = 10
• Overflow condition for stk1; top1 = 4
• Overflow condition for stk2; top2 = 9
• Even if locations are empty, no more insertion possible in
stk2
Implementing Two Stacks
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
stk1 49 57 3 44 97 23 17

top1 = 2 top2 = 6

• Initially top1 = -1 and top2 = 10

• Overflow condition for stk1; top1 = top2 – 1
• Overflow condition for stk2; top2 = top1 + 1
• Insertion possible until all the locations are not filled
Prefix Expression
• Operator is before its respective operands
• infix expression prefix expression
• A op B op A B
• 2+3*4 +2*34
• (2+3)*4 *+234
Infix to prefix conversion: Intuitive
=> If parenthesis exist in infix expression, first performed
conversion inside parenthesis
1. Fully parenthesized expression
a / b - c + d * e - a * c => ((((a / b) - c) + (d * e)) – (a * c))

2. All operators replace their corresponding right parentheses.

((((a / b) - c) + (d * e)) – (a * c))
/ - * *
+

3. Delete all parentheses.

-+-/abc*de*ac
Implementation of Recursion
BinarySearch(a, start, end, key)
if (start > end)
return
middle ← (start + end)/2
if (a[middle] == key);
else if (a[middle] > key)
BinarySearch(a, start, middle-1, key)
else
BinarySearch(a, middle+1, end, key)
print a[middle]
 a 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
• Search for 45 in above list
BS(a,0,9,45)
If ( 0 > 9)
M=(0+9)/2=4
a[4] > 45

Main()

Program Stack

Output:
 a 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
• Search for 45 in above list
BS(a,0,9,45)
If ( 0 > 9) BS(a,0,3,45)
M=(0+9)/2=4 If ( 0 > 3)
a[4] > 45 M=(0+3)/2=1
a[1] < 45

BS(a,0,9,45)
Main()
Program Stack

Output:
 a 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
• Search for 45 in above list
BS(a,0,9,45)
If ( 0 > 9) BS(a,0,3,45)
M=(0+9)/2=4 If ( 0 > 3) BS(a,2,3,45)
a[4] > 45 M=(0+3)/2=1 If ( 2 > 3)
a[1] < 45 M=(2+3)/2=2
a[2] < 45

BS(a,0,3,45)
BS(a,0,9,45)
Main()
Program Stack

Output:
 a 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
• Search for 45 in above list
BS(a,0,9,45)
If ( 0 > 9) BS(a,0,3,45)
M=(0+9)/2=4 If ( 0 > 3) BS(a,2,3,45)
a[4] > 45 M=(0+3)/2=1 If ( 2 > 3) BS(a,3,3,45)
a[1] < 45 M=(2+3)/2=2 If ( 3 > 3)
a[2] < 45 M=(3+3)/2=3
a[3] < 45

BS(a,2,3,45)
BS(a,0,3,45)
BS(a,0,9,45)
Main()
Program Stack

Output:
 a 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
• Search for 45 in above list
BS(a,0,9,45)
If ( 0 > 9) BS(a,0,3,45)
M=(0+9)/2=4 If ( 0 > 3) BS(a,2,3,45)
a[4] > 45 M=(0+3)/2=1 If ( 2 > 3) BS(a,3,3,45)
a[1] < 45 M=(2+3)/2=2 If ( 3 > 3) BS(a,4,3,45)
a[2] < 45 M=(3+3)/2=3 If (4>3)
a[3] < 45

BS(a,3,3,45)
BS(a,2,3,45))
BS(a,0,3,45)
BS(a,0,9,45)
Main()
Program Stack

Output:
 a 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
• Search for 45 in above list
BS(a,0,9,45)
If ( 0 > 9) BS(a,0,3)
M=(0+9)/2=4 If ( 0 > 3) BS(a,2,3,45)
a[4] > 45 M=(0+3)/2=1 If ( 2 > 3) BS(a,3,3,45)
a[1] < 45 M=(2+3)/2=2 If ( 3 > 3) BS(a,4,3,45)
a[2] < 45 M=(3+3)/2=3 If (4>3)
a[3] < 45

BS(a,2,3,45)
print a[3];
BS(a,0,3,45)
BS(a,0,9,45)
Main()
Program Stack

Output: 40
 a 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
• Search for 45 in above list
BS(a,0,9,45)
If ( 0 > 9) BS(a,0,3)
M=(0+9)/2=4 If ( 0 > 3) BS(a,2,3,45)
a[4] > 45 M=(0+3)/2=1 If ( 2 > 3) BS(a,3,3,45)
a[1] < 45 M=(2+3)/2=2 If ( 3 > 3) BS(a,4,3,45)
a[2] < 45 M=(3+3)/2=3 If (4>3)
a[3] < 45

BS(a,0,3,45) print a[3];

BS(a,0,9,45)
Main() print a[2];

Program Stack

Output: 40 30
 a 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
• Search for 45 in above list
BS(a,0,9,45)
If ( 0 > 9) BS(a,0,3)
M=(0+9)/2=4 If ( 0 > 3) BS(a,2,3,45)
a[4] > 45 M=(0+3)/2=1 If ( 2 > 3) BS(a,3,3,45)
a[1] < 45 M=(2+3)/2=2 If ( 3 > 3) BS(a,4,3,45)
a[2] < 45 M=(3+3)/2=3 If (4>3)
a[3] < 45

BS(a,0,9,45) print a[3];

Main()
print a[2];
Program Stack
print a[1];

Output: 40 30 20
 a 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
• Search for 45 in above list
BS(a,0,9,45)
If ( 0 > 9) BS(a,0,3,45)
M=(0+9)/2=4 If ( 0 > 3) BS(a,2,3,45)
a[4] > 45 M=(0+3)/2=1 If ( 2 > 3) BS(a,3,3,45)
a[1] < 45 M=(2+3)/2=2 If ( 3 > 3) BS(a,4,3,45)
a[2] < 45 M=(3+3)/2=3 If (4>3)
a[3] < 45

Main()
Program Stack print a[3];

print a[2];

print a[1];

print a[4];

Output: 40 30 20 50