LAW 103 –BASIC COMPUTER FOR

LEGAL STUDIES
GROUND RULES
• DO NOT TURN ON YOUR MICROPHONE UNLESS YOU ARE ASKED TO
• DO NOT TURN ON YOUR MICROPHONE UNLESS YOU ARE ASKED TO
• DO NOT TURN ON YOUR MICROPHONE UNLESS YOU ARE ASKED TO
• DO NOT TURN ON YOUR MICROPHONE UNLESS YOU ARE ASKED TO
• DO NOT TURN ON YOUR MICROPHONE UNLESS YOU ARE ASKED TO
• DO NOT TURN ON YOUR MICROPHONE UNLESS YOU ARE ASKED TO
• DO NOT TURN ON YOUR MICROPHONE UNLESS YOU ARE ASKED TO
 A World of Computers

What is computer literacy?

 Knowledge and understanding of computers and their
uses
 Computers are everywhere Very true !

p. 1.03 Fig. 1-1 Next

 What Is a Computer?

How is a computer defined?

 An extremely fast electronic device operating under the control of
instructions stored in its own memory which processes data into useful
information.

Processes data into

Accepts data information
Raw facts, figures, and
Data that is organized,
symbols
meaningful, and useful

Produces and stores results

p. 1.04 Next
Computer Basics
 A computer is an electronic device which is used
to perform operation on raw data as per
instruction given by user
 Computer -> Compute –> calculate.
 calculating device that performs arithmetic
operations at enormous speed.
COMPUTER
 C => COMMONLY
 O => OPERATED
 M => MACHINE
 P => PARTICULARY
 U => USED FOR
 T => TECHNICAL
 E => EDUCATIONAL
 R => RESEARCH UNITS
What Is a Computer?
 A computer is an electronic device, operating under the
control of instructions stored in its own memory, that
can accept data, process the data according to specified
rules, produce results, and store the results for future
use.
 A computer is an electronic device that manipulates
information or data. It accepts input (data), process it
and gives out results (information). The computer has
the ability to store, retrieve, and process data It
powered by electricity, which has only two states
(alternatives 0 and 1).
 A computer can convert data into information that is
Advantages
Multitasking
of computer
Multitasking is one of the major advantages of the computer. The person
can perform multiple tasks, multiple operations, calculate numerical
problems within few seconds. A computer can perform trillion of
instructions per second.
Speed
Now a computer is not just a calculating device. Now a day’s computer has
a very important role in human life. One of the main advantages of the
computer is its incredible speed, which helps human to complete their task
in a few seconds. All the operations can be performed very fast just because
of its speed else wise it takes a long time to perform the task.
Cost/ Stores a huge amount of data
It is a low-cost solution. The person can save huge data within a low budget.
A centralized database of storing information is a major advantage that can
reduce cost.
Advantages of computer
Accuracy
One of the root advantages of the computer is that can perform not only calculations
but also with accuracy.
Data Security
Protecting digital data is known as data security. The computer provides security
from destructive forces and from unwanted action from unauthorized users like
cyberattack or access attack
Disadvantage of Computer
Virus and hacking attacks
The virus is a worm and hacking is simply unauthorized access over the computer for
some illicit purpose. A virus is being transferred from an email attachment, viewing an
infected website advertisement, through the removable device like USB etc. once the
virus is transferred in host computer it can infect the file, overwrite the file etc.
Online Cyber Crimes
Online cyber-crime means computer and network may have used in order to commit
the crime. Cyber talking and Identity theft are the points which come under online
cyber-crimes. For example, one may get the access of the access to your shopping
account like amazon account now that person will be able to know your personal
details like debit card or credit card number which can be than misused.
Reduction in employment opportunity
Mainly past generation was not used of the computer or they have the knowledge of
computer they faced a big problem when the computer came in the field. As we have
seen in the banking sector senior bank employees faced this problem when the
computer came to the banking sector.
Generations of Computer
Nowadays, a computer can be used to type
documents, send an email, play games, and
browse the Web. It can also be used to edit or
create spreadsheets, presentations, and even
videos. But the evolution of this complex system
started around 1940 with the first Generation of
Computer and evolving ever since.

There are five generations of computers.

FIRST

GENERATION
1940-1956 is the period of first generation computer.
 J.P.Eckert and J.W.Mauchy invented the first successful electronic
computer called ENIAC, ENIAC stands for “Electronic Numeric
Integrated And Calculator”.
Advantages:
1-It made use of vacuum tubes which are the only electronic component available during those days.
2-These computers could calculate in milliseconds.
Disadvantages:
1-These were very big in size, weight was about 30 tones.
2-These computers were based on vacuum tubes.
3-These computers were very costly.
4-It could store only a small amount of information due to the presence of magnetic drums.
5-As the invention of first generation computers involves vacuum tubes, so another disadvantage of
these computers was, vacuum tubes require a large cooling system.
6-Very less work efficiency.
7-Limited programming capabilities and punch cards were used to take inputs.
8-Large amount of energy consumption.
9-Not reliable and constant maintenance is required.
SECOND GENERATION
 1956-1963 is the period of second-generation computer.
 Second generation computers were based on Transistor instead of vacuum tubes.

Advantages:
1-Due to the presence of transistors instead of vacuum tubes, the size of electron
component decreased. This resulted in reducing the size of a computer as compared
to
first generation computers.
2-Assembly language and punch cards were used for input.
3-Less energy and not produce as much heat as the first generation.
4-Low cost than first generation computers.
5-Better speed, calculate data in microseconds.
6-Better portability as compared to first generation
Disadvantages:
1-A cooling system was required.
2-Constant maintenance was required.
THIRD

GENERATION
1964-1971 is the period of third generation computer.
 These computers were based on Integrated circuits (IC).
 IC was invented by Robert Noyce and Jack Kilby In 1958-1959.
 IC was a single component containing number of transistors.
Advantages:
1-These computers were cheaper as compared to second-generation computers.
2-They were fast and reliable.
3-Use of IC in the computer provides the small size of the computer.
4-IC not only reduce the size of the computer but it also improves the performance of the computer as
compared to previous computers.
5-This generation of computers has big storage capacity.
6-Instead of punch cards, mouse and keyboard are used for input.
7-They used an operating system for better resource management and used the concept of time-sharing and
multiple programming.
8-These computers reduce the computational time from microseconds to nanoseconds.
Disadvantages:
1-The highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacturing of IC chips.
2-IC chips are difficult to maintain.
3-Air conditioning is required.
FOURTH GENERATION
 1971-Present is the period of fourth generation computer.
 This technology is based on Microprocessor.
 A microprocessor is used in a computer for any logical and arithmetic function to be
performed in any program.
 Graphics User Interface (GUI) technology was exploited to offer more comfort to users.
Advantages:
1-Fastest in computation and size get reduced as compared to the previous generation of
computer.
2-Heat generated is negligible.
3-Small in size as compared to previous generation computers.
4-Less maintenance is required.
5-All types of high-level language can be used in this type of computers.
Disadvantages:
1-The Microprocessor design and fabrication are very complex.
2-Air conditioning is required in many cases due to the presence of ICs.
3-Advance technology is required to make the ICs.
FIFTH GENERATION
 The period of the fifth generation in Present-Beyond.
 This generation is based on artificial intelligence.
 The aim of the fifth generation is to make a device which could respond to natural
language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.
 This generation is based on ULSI(Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology
resulting in the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic
component.
Advantages:
1-It is more reliable and works faster.
2-It is available in different sizes and unique features.
3-It provides computers with more user-friendly
interfaces with multimedia features
Disadvantages:
1-They need very low-level languages.
2-They may make the human brains dull and doomed.