Chapter-1

Integration

Indefinite Integrals
Definite Integrals
1.1Indefinite Integrals
 1.1.1 Definition of Indefinite Integrals
Indefinite integration may be regarded as the inverse operation to differentiation. This means
that the derivative of an indefinite integral of a function is the function itself.

Given a function and is an anti-derivative of such that . Then is said to be indefinite integral
or anti derivative of ,which can be written as

Here, is called integral symbol, is called integrand, is called integration variable and is
called constant of integration.
Example 1.1.1
, since
since
, since
, since
Integral properties and table of indefinite integrals

.
 Useful Technique
If , then using chain rule of differentiation

Thus

2. ,
3. ,
4. ,
5. ,
6. ,

7.

8.
Example 1.1.2

1.

2.

3.

4.

5. .
 Example set-1.1.1
 4 1   x 5   x1 / 2 
1.
  3x 
 x    
 1dx  3 x 4 dx  x 1 / 2 dx  dx  3   
 5   (1 / 2) 
  
 xC

3 5
 x 2 x  xC
5

2.
  
(3 cos 4 x  5e3 x )dx 3 cos 4 x dx  5 e3 x dx

3 5
 sin 4 x  e3 x  C
4 3

3.
4.

5.
2

6. 2

7. ?
 Exercise set-1.1.1

(a), (b) , (c) , (d) ,

(e) , (f), (g) , (h) ,

(i) , (j) , (k) , (l) ,

(m) , (n) , (o) , (p)

(q) , (r) (s) , (t),

(u) (v) (,

(x) , (y) , (z) .

 Exercise set-1.1.2

, (ii) ,

, (iv),

, (vi) ,

(vii), (viii) .

, (x) ,

(xi) , (xii) ,

(xiii) , (xiv) .

Calculus– James Stewart - 8th edition P-408 Ex # 5-18

 Sample MCQ

1. E
(a) ….. (b) (c) ……..
2.
(a) (b) …. (c)…
3. Evaluate
(a) … (b) …. (c)

4. Evaluate
(a) (b)… (c)…
 1.1.2 Integration by Substitution
If is a differentiable function whose range is an interval and is continuous on then

∫ 𝑓 ( 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) ) 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥= ∫ 𝑓 (𝑢)𝑑𝑢
′
Where If then

An integral of the form

du
Let, u  f ( x)   f ( x)  du  f ( x) dx
dx
f ( x) du
Then,  dx    ln u  C  ln f ( x)  C
f ( x) u

Thus,
 Example set 1.1.2

 1  x 
3
1.
3/2
x1/2 dx Set, u  1  x 3/2

Then, du  32 x1/2 dx  x1/2 dx  23 du

2 1 1
   
3 4
Thus,  1  x 3/2
x dx   u 3 du  u 4  C  1  x3/2
1/2
C
3 6 6

x
2.  4  x 4 dx Set, u  x 2

Then, du  2 xdx  xdx  du

2 du

Thus, 
x
4  x4
dx 
1 1
2  22  u 2
du 
1
4
tan 
1 u
2   C 
1
4
tan 1
  C
x2
2
 3.  x 3
cos( x 4
 2)dx Set, u  x 4

Then, du  4 x 3dx  x dx  du4

3

du 1 1 1
Thus,  x 3 cos( x 4  2)dx   cos u.   cos udu  sin u  C  sin( x 4  2)  C
4 4 4 4

4.  2 x  1dx Set, u  2 x  1

Then, du  2dx  dx  12 du
3
1 1 u 1 32
2
1 3
Thus,  2 x  1dx   u . du  .  C  u  C  (2 x  1) 2  C
2 2 3 3 3
2
x
5.  1  4 x2
dx Set, u  1  4 x 2

Then, du  8 xdx  xdx   18 du

1
1
x 1 1 1 1 u 1 12 2
1 1
Thus,  dx   .  du    u du   .  C   u  C   (1  4 x )  C
2 2 2

1 4x 2
u 8 8 8 1 4 4
2
 2x  3 𝑓 ′(𝑥)
6.  x 2  3x  5 dx  ln x 2  3x  5  C
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥=ln|𝑓 (𝑥)|+𝐶
f ( x)  x 2  3x  5, f ' ( x)  2 x  3

cos x  sin x
7.  sin x  cos x
dx  ln sin x  cos x  C

sin 3x 1  3 sin 3 x 1
8.  1  cos 3x dx   
3 1  cos 3 x
dx  
3
ln (1  cos 3x)  C

sec 2 2 x 1
9.  5  tan 2 x
dx  ln 5  tan 2 x  C
2

sin x
10.  tan xdx   cos x
dx   ln cos x  C
 Exercise set-1.1.3
.

, (b) , (c) ,

(d) , (e) , (f) ,

(g) , (h) , (i) ,

(j) , (k) .
1
(l )  dy
y (1  ln y )
 Exercise set-1.1.4
.
(a) (b)

(c) (d)

, (f) (g) ,

(h) , (i) , (j),

(k), (l) , (m) ,

(n) ,

(o)  4 tan 3 x sec 2 x dx; u  tan x

Calculus– James Stewart - 8th edition P-418 Ex # 1 - 13, 15, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 28,
31, 32, 34, 43.
 Sample MCQ

1. E
(a) ….. (b) (c) ……..

(a) (b) …. (c)…

3. Evaluate,
(a) … (b) …. (c)
1.2 Definite Integrals
 1.2.1 Riemann and Trapezoidal Sum

Consider a function which is defined (i.e. bounded) over the closed interval.

Consider a partition P of into subintervals by the points

a  x0  x1  x 2      x n  b

This partition corresponds to the subintervals

In each choose any point such that . Then the sum

is called a Riemann sum for the function on .

Suppose on . Then the Riemann sum

is the sum of the areas of the n rectangles shown below, and thus represents an
approximation to the area under the graph on. Figure below illustrates the case where n
= 5.
Different choice of the nodal points give different values of the Riemann sums.

Commonly used Riemann sums are :

left Riemann sum ( ,

right Riemann sum and

middle Riemann sum.

If we use

average of the heights at end points of the subinterval, it is called the Trapezoidal
Riemann sum.
Summary of Riemann Sum:
Let a function is defined in the closed interval .

In evaluation of Riemann sums we commonly use equal subintervals. Dividing into

equal sub-intervals of the length

Riemann sum of over the interval is

For all r if The sum will be called

left Riemann sum
right Riemann sum
middle Riemann sum

Trapezoidal Riemann sum

 1.2.2 Numerical Integration (The Trapezoidal Rule)
First we subdivide the interval into subintervals of width .

Then on each interval we will approximate the function by a straight line joining the
function values at either endpoint on the interval.

The following figure illustrates the case for .

Each of these shaded objects is a trapezoid (hence the rule’s name) and as we can see
some of them do a very good approximation to the actual area under the
corresponding segment of the curve.
 The area of the trapezoid in the interval is given by,

Then sum of the area of the trapeziums (e.g. in the above figure) will approximate the area
under the curve and is given by,

Which is known as the composite Trapezoidal rule.

 Example set 1.2.1
Example 1:

Find the area under the curve by using different Riemann sum over the interval [0,1.6]
using 8 subintervals.

Solution:

The following table shows the estimated area, using different Riemann sum, under the
curve over the interval using 8 equal subintervals .

Here, and and

Then the length of each subintervals is,

 left Riemann sum right Riemann sum middle Riemann sum
Riemann sum

The Trapezoidal Riemann sum is,

.
 The following figures show the geometrical interpretation of the above Riemann sums,

Note that the exact value of the area is which is calculated using the integration will be
considered later.
Example 2:
Use the Trapezoidal rule with to approximate the integral to 3 decimal places.

Solution:
Here , and . So and .

Hence,
x 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
f(x)

Using the Trapezoidal rule, we have

=
Example 3:
Evaluate . to three decimal places using Trapezoidal rule with four subintervals.[Note that
in calculating the values of cos x use radian mode]

Solution:

Here , and . So, and .

Hence,

x 0 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π

f(x) 2.0000 1.9254 1.7321 1.5142 1.4142

Using Trapezoidal rule we have

 Exercise set 1.2.1
1. Estimate the value the following integrals to 3 decimal places using ‘n’ subintervals of
equal length using (i) left Riemann sum, (ii) right Riemann sum, (iii) middle Riemann
sum and (iv) Trapezoidal rule.

(a) (n = 4), (b) (n = 6), (c) (n = 4),

(d) (n = 4), (e) (n = 5).

2. Calculus– James Stewart - 8th edition

P- 388 Ex # 1, 3, 7, 9-11
P- 524 Ex # 7, 8, 9 (n= 4, 6) LRS, RRS, MRS, TR
 Sample MCQ

1. If is the number of subintervals then how to calculate the

length of subintervals of the interval
(a) ….. (b) (c) ……..

2. When Riemann sum of over the interval

is called
(a) Left Riemann sum if (b) …. (c)…

3. Evaluate . to three decimal places using Trapezoidal rule

with n=4.

(a) … (b) …. (c)

 1.2.3 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Theorem: If is a continuous function on and F is an indefinite integral of then

b
a f ( x)dx  [ F ( x)]ba  F (b)  F (a) where .

Example:

1.
2
1 (3x
2
 3 2
 4 x  5)dx  x  2 x  5 x 2
1  8  8  10  (1  2  5)  18

e 1
2. 1 x
dx  [ln x]1e  ln e  ln 1  1

 /2
3. 0 sin 2 x dx  [ 12 cos 2 x]0 / 2   12 (1  1)  1
 1.2.4 Substitution Rule For Definite Integrals

Example:
4


0
2 x  1dx Set, u  2 x  1 Then, du  2dx  dx  12 du

Changing Limit
x u
0 1

9
3
1  32  26
4 9
1 1 u 2
Thus,  0
2 x  1dx  
1
2
udx  .
2 3
  9  1 
3  3
2 1
 Exercise set 1.2.2

1. (a) (b) ,

(c)(d) ,

(e) (f)

(g) , (h) , (i)

2. Calculus– James Stewart - 8th edition

P-400 Ex # 19, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29, 34, 43

P-409 Ex # 21 – 30
P- 419 Ex # 53, 54, 55, 56, 59, 60, 67, 71
 Sample MCQ

1. Evaluate
(a) ….. (b) (c) ……..

4
2. Evaluate

0
2 x  1dx

(a) (b) …. (c)…

3. Evaluate

(a)51 (b) (c)

1.2.5 Even and Odd Function
Example: State whether the following functions are odd, even or neither.

Solution: (a)

So, f(x) is an odd function

(b)

So, g(x) is an even function

(c)

So, h(x) is neither even nor odd function

1.2.6 Some properties of definite integral
 Exercise set 1.2.3

1. State whether the following functions are odd, even or neither.

(a) , (b), (c),

(d), (e), (f)

2. Evaluate the following integrals by using integral properties

(a) , (b) (c) ,

(d), (e), (f) ,

(g), (h), (i) ,

3. Calculus– James Stewart - 8th edition

P- 419 Ex # 61, 66, P-422 Ex # 22, 23

 Sample MCQ

1. Which one is even function

(a) ….. (b) (c) ……..

2. Which one is odd function

(a) (b) …. (c)…

3. Evaluate

(a) 0 (b) (c)