Oiliness:

• It is the ability of an oil to maintain an

unbroken lubricating oil film between the rubbing
surfaces.
• A good lubricant must have enough oiliness to
adhere to surfaces even at high pressures.

• It is the tendency of the oil to vaporize at

high temperatures leaving behind a thick residual oil.
• A good lubricant must have low volatility.
 Lubricator
• A lubricator is a device used to supply lubricant
at regulated rate to machine bearings, gears, engine
parts, etc.
• Apart from simple types of lubricators such as oil
can, grease gun, etc, other most commonly used
lubricators are;
(i) Screw cap lubricator
(ii) Tell tale lubricator
(iii) Drop feed lubricator
(iv) Glass bottle needle type lubricator
(v) Syphon wick lubricator
(vi) Ring oil lubricator
lash lubricator
 Advantages of Rolling contact bearings:
• Low starting and low running friction.
• It can carry both radial as well as thrust loads.
• Momentary over loads can be carried
without
failure.
• Shaft alignment is more accurate than in
the sliding bearings.
• Disadvantages of Rolling contact bearings:
• More noisy at high speeds.
• Low resistance to shock
loads. High initial cost.
• Finite life due to eventual
 Types of Lubricants
Lubricants are classified as;
(i) Liquid lubricants
(ii) Semi-liquid lubricants
(iii)Solid lubricants.

Liquid lubricants may be

mineral oils (produced fromrefining
of petroleum products)
synthetic oils (produced from sand, coal, etc.)
Animal & vegetable oils (fish oils,
lard oil, Castor oil, cotton seed oil, Olive oil, etc.)
Flash Point:
• Flash point is the minimum temperature at which an oil
gives off sufficient vapour to ignite momentarily
on introduction of flame.
• A good lubricant must have its flash point obove the
operating temperature.
Fire Point:
• Fire point is the lowest temperature at which an oil
gives off sufficient vapour to burn when
continuously
bought in contact with a flame.
• A good lubricant must have a high fire point.
 Ball Bearings Ball bearing:
• It consists of an inner ring
Width
which is mounted on the shaft and
Outcr ring an outer ring which is carried by
the housing.
Ball • The inner ring is grooved on
the outer surface called inner race
and the outer ring is grooved
on its inner surface called outer
d t
• race.In between the inner and outer
race there are number of steel balls.

• A cage pressed steel completes

loner racez'ay —
the assembly and provides the
means of equally spacing and
Retainer holding the balls in place as shown
in the figure.
Outer raceway
• Radial ball bearings are used
to carry mainly radial loads, but
they can also carry axial loads.
 Properties of Lubricants
The following are the important properties of a lubricant.
Viscosity:
• It is the property of a fluid by virtue of which it
offers resistance to shear (flow).
• If the viscosity is too low, a liquid film can not
be maintained between the moving surfaces.
• On the other hand, a high viscosity oil will offer
greater
resistance to moving parts.
• The viscosity decreases with increase in
operating
temperature.
• A good lubricant, the change of viscosity
Pour Point & Cloud Point:
• Pour point is the lowest temperature at which an oil
ceases to flow when cooled.
• Cloud point is the lowest temperature at which wax and
other substances crystallize and separate out
when cooled.
• A good lubricant must have a low pour & cloud
points. Carbon residue:
• Lubricating oils contain higher percentage of carbon in
the combined form. At high temperatures,
they decompose resulting in carbon deposits on
bearing surfaces which is undesirable.
• A good lubricant should not decompose even at
high temperatures.
 Lubrication
• Friction is the resistance to relative motion between
two
surfaces in contact.
° Any substance placed between the rubbing
surfaces,
which reduces friction is called lubricant.
The important functions of lubricant in bearings are,’
1. To reduce friction & wear between the sliding
surfaces
by separating them by a thin film of oil.
2. To remove the heat generated by friction.
3. To provide a protective film against corrosion.
4. In machine tools, it flushes out the metal chips.
5. In automobile engines, a detergent added to
lubricant removes sludge deposits.
 Semi Liquid Lubricants
• Semi liquid or Grease is
lubricant the petroleum
products with
obtained by soap mixtures.
•compounding
They are highlyviscous. They can
withstand high temperature and
pressure,
also they resist corrosion.
• They are used in gear drives, chain
drives, flexible cables, etc.
• They may be of Aluminium base,
Calcium base, sodium bas,e or mixed,,base
 Classification of Bearings
Bearings are classified as follows;
Depending •Ron the direction oJ the load to
be
sueRorted:
0 Radial bearing and
0 Thrust bearing.
Depending upon the nature of contact between the
working surfaces:-
0 Sliding contact bearings
Ex: Journal bearings, thrust bearings.
0 Rolling contact bearings.
Ex: Ball bearings, Roller bearings.
Sol Lubricants

Graphite Soap Stone

French Chalk
P R V a n i s h , Mech Dept, RVCE, 8'Iore
Sol Lubricants

Graphite Soap Stone

French Chalk
P R V a n i s h , Mech Dept, RVCE, 8'Iore
 Thrust Bearings
• They are used to guide or support the shaft,
which is subjected to a load along the axis of
the shaft.
• Since a thrust operates without
clearance
bearing between conjugate a
adequate
the supply of oil to the rubbingparts,
surfaces
is an
extremely important.
• Bearings designed to carry heavy thrust
loads
may be broadly classified in to two groups
0 Foot step bearing, and
 Syphon Wick lubricator • It works on the principle
of capillary action of the wick
in carrying oil to the bearing.
• It consists of a
„ container
glass with a central pipe
Tube
• Oil is drawn from the
reservoir through a wick of
wool yarn and due to gravity
& vibration the oil drips off
from the lower end of the
Threaded wick.
• To stop feed of oil when
shaft is not running, a hook
is used to remove the wick
out of the pipe.
 Sliding contact Bearings
Journal bearing:
• It is one, which forms the sleeve around the
shaft and supports a bearing at right angles to
the axis of the bearing.
• The portion of the shaft resting on the sleeve is
called the journal. Examples of journal
bearings are:
0 Solid bearing
0 Bushed bearing,
and 0 Pedestal
bearing.
Liq Lubricants
u

P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore

Liq Lubricants
u

P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, B'lore

Splash Lubricati on • This method of
lubrication is employed
C linder
in have
that machines
cranks or gears
enclosed a housing
in
which acts as
an oil Ex: I.C engines ,
reservoir.
Gear boxes.
• The crank partly dips
into the oil sump in the
crank case.
• As the crank shaft rotates,
it continuously splashes
the surfaces of the
cylinder, piston, etc.
Drop feed Lubricator • It consists of a
container
glass with a metal base
which has a drip hole at the
center.
container
• The rate of feed is
adjusted
raises
by of lowers
a screw whichtheslightly
needle,
ñfuta/»... Nee.II.›.›. and can be seen
‹ , through a
glass window.
high grade machinery
• and
Drop feed oilers are used on
give good service.
Solid Bearing • A cylindrical hole formed in a
cast iron machine member to
receive the shaft which makes a
running fit is the simplest type
of solid journal bearing.
• Its rectangular ba5e plate has
two holes drilled in it for
bolting down the bearing in its
position as shown in the figure.
• An oil hole is provided at the
top to lubricate the bearing.
There is no means of adjustment
for wear and the shaft must be
introduced into the bearing
endwise.
• It is therefore used for
shafts, which carry light loads
and rotate at moderate speeds.
 Advantages of sliding contact bearings:
• They can be operated at high speeds.
• They can carry heavy radial loads.
• They have the ability to withstand shock and
vibration loads.
• Noiseless operation.
Disadvantages of sliding contact bearings:
• High friction losses during starting.
• More length of the bearing.
• Excessive consumption of the lubricant and
high
maintenance.
 Types of viscosity
Viscosity of a lubricant may be defined by
(i) Absolute (or Dynamic) Viscosity (m)
• It is the force required to move a surface of unit area
at
unit velocity when separated by an oil of unit
film
thickness.
• In SI system, unit of absolute viscosity is N-
sec/m2 (Pascal-sec)
•(ii) Kinematic Viscosity
It is the ratio (n)
of absolute viscosity to mass density of
the fluid.Its SI unit is m2/sec.

i.e&’
1 I'.
 • It is also called Plummer block.
Pedestal Bearing Figure shows half sectional front
view of the Plummer block.
• It consists of cast iron pedestal,
phosphor bronze bushes or
steps made in two halves and
cast iron cap.
• A cap by means of two
square headed bolts holds the
halves of the steps together.
• The steps are provided with
’""^^ “ ’*'°‘”c“ "h'" collars on either side in order to
prevent its axial movement.
• The snug in the bottom
which
step, fits into the
corresponding hole in the body,
prevents the rotation of the
steps along with the shaft. This
type of bearing can be placed
any where along the shaft
length.
Tell Tate Lubricator • It of a
consists cap that
carries a spring
° piston.
The pressureloaded
on the grease
due to the spring forces the
Grease
""'* grease out to the surface to
Sl‹›ttc0 be lubricated.
htrcy
° The aperture through which
the grease passes can be
varied by means of slotted
screw.
° The movement of the piston
rod end indicates whether
the lubrication is in progress
or not. Hence the name
‘tell tale’
 Screw cap Lubricator
• A screw cap lubricator is used
for applying heavy grease.
• It consists of a cap
screwed over a lubricator
body. The lubricator is
attached to the machine
part by a threaded nipple.
Threatled
The turning of the cap forces
grease to flow through the
hole on to the surfaces to be
lubricated.
 Collar Bearing • The simple type of
o›ih . bearing for horizontal shafts
thrust
t"olIar consists of one or more
collars cut integral with the
shaft as shown in fig.
Thrusi
° These collars engage
@IOC\
corresponding
with
surfaces
bearing in the thrust block.
• This type of bearing is
used if the load would
be too great for a step
COIIafS

bearing, or if a thrust must

be taken at some distance
, from the end of the shaft.
° Such bearings may be oiled
by reservoirs at the top of
the bearings.
 • It consists of an oil
Rin§ Oil LubricatOf
well maintained just
below the shaft to be
lubricated.
• A metallic ring is placed
encircling the shaft so as to
• dip
When partly
thein the oil sump.
shaft rotates,
the ring also rotates and
carries the oil with it and
lubricates the shaft.
• This of lubricator is
type used in
generally of engine crank
main
bearings
shafts.
 Bearings
• A bearing is machine part, which support a
moving element and confines its motion.
• The supporting member is usually designated as
bearing and the supported member may
be journal (shaft)
• Since there is a relative motion between the
bearing and the moving element, a certain
amount of power must be absorbed
overcomingin friction, and if the surface
actually
touches, there will be a rapid wear.
 Roller Bearings Cylindrical roller bearing:
• The simplest form of a cylindrical
roller bearing is shown in fig (a). It
Outer ting
consists of an inner race, an outer
C up
race, and set of rollers with a
retainer.
Roller
Retainer
• Due to the line contact between
the roller and the raceways, the
Inner roller bearing can carry heavy radial
ring
loads.roller bearings:
Tapered
• In tapered roller bearings shown
in the fig (b). the rollers and the
races are all truncated cones
Con having a common apex on the
t shaft center to assure true rolling
* Retainer contact.
• The tapered roller bearing can
Tapered roller
carry heavy radial and axial loads.
• Such bearings are mounted in
pairs so that the two bearings
Fig (a) Fig (b) are opposing each others thrust.
Footstep Bearing • Footstep bearings are used
to support the lower end
of the vertical shafts.
° A simple form of such
bearing is shown in fig. It
consists of cast iron block
into which a gunmetal bush
is fitted.
c • The bush is prevented from
‘
rotating by the snug
provided at its neck. The
shaft rests on a concave
hardened steel disc.
• This disc is prevented from
rotating along with the
shaft by means of pin
provided at the bottom.
Glass-Bottle Needle lubricator
• It consists of an inverted glass
container a
with
stopper to the bearing.
passing needle a
• through
The needle rests on the
shaft and is loosely woodenfitted
to the stopper.
• When the journal rotates,
the needle is
shaken and oil passes
from oil reservoir
through the gap between
the needle and the
stopper.
• When the journal is stationary,
there is no oil feed to
the bearing.
 Rolling Contact Bearings
• The bearings in which the rolling elements are
included are referred to as rolling
contact bearings.
Bushed Bearing • It consists of mainly two
parts, the cast iron
block and bush; the bush
ofmade
is soft material such as
brass, bronze or gunmetal.
• The bush is pressed
inside the bore in the
cast iron block and is
prevented from rotating or
sliding by means of grub-
screw as shown if the
figure.
• When
out itthe can
bush begets easily
worn
replaced. Elongated holes
in the base are
provided for lateral
adjustment.