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DAC - COS - Day 2

The document provides an introduction to Linux, describing its origins from Unix at Bell Labs in the 1960s-70s, the development of free software versions like GNU and Linux, and some basic Linux concepts including filesystem structure, shell usage, file permissions represented numerically and through characters, and common commands for navigating directories and managing files.

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19 views28 pages

DAC - COS - Day 2

The document provides an introduction to Linux, describing its origins from Unix at Bell Labs in the 1960s-70s, the development of free software versions like GNU and Linux, and some basic Linux concepts including filesystem structure, shell usage, file permissions represented numerically and through characters, and common commands for navigating directories and managing files.

Uploaded by

kovol29478
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Session 2: Introduction to Linux

Unix
• In 1969-1970, Kenneth Thompson,
Dennis Ritchie, and others at AT&T
Bell Labs began developing a small
operating system on a little-used
PDP-7 computer
• The operating system was soon
named Unix, a joke on an earlier
operating system project called
MULTICS (Bell Labs, MIT, GE)
• In 1972-73, Unix was rewritten in C
(a visionary and unusual step),
which made it portable
Unix Progression
• Two dominating versions emerged
• Berkley Software Distribution (BSD)
• AT&T
• Many other mixed versions emerged later
• Most of these were proprietary and were maintained by their
respective hardware vendor
• Example: Sun Solaris
• FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD became open source
Free Software Foundation (FSF)
• In 1984, Richard Stallman’s Free Software Foundation (FSF) began the
GNU project, a project to create a free version of Unix (See next slide)
Linux History
• A Finnish student Linus Torvalds started a personal project in 1991
• He was trying to create a new free operating system kernel, which
could work with the FSF material and some BSD components to
create a very useful operating system
Memory
management,
Task scheduling,
…

Kernel = Heart of an
operating system,
which facilitates
interactions
between hardware
and software
Installing Linux – Multiple Options
• On a Windows machine, install WSL (Simplest and light-weight)
• https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/wsl/install

• Use a virtual machine and install a Linux distribution


• VMWare or Oracle VirtualBox (See https://techbland.com/how-to-install-
lubuntu-on-virtualbox-on-windows/)

• Create a dual-boot machine (Windows and Linux)


Making the screen larger
• Click on the left bottom blue button, System tools, QTerminal
Installation …
• sudo apt-get update
• sudo apt install virtualbox-guest-x11 -y

• Again click on the blue button, Leave, Reboot


• Now if we use the maximize button (Right top), we should be able to
see a full window of Lubuntu
Linux Distributions (“Distros”)
• In the Linux community, different
organizations have combined the available
components differently.
• Each combination is called a “distribution”,
and the organizations that develop
distributions are called “distributors”.
• Common distributions include Red Hat,
Mandrake, SuSE, Caldera, Corel, and
Debian.
• There are differences between the various
distributions, but all distributions are
based on the same foundation: the Linux
kernel and the GNU glibc libraries.
Linux Command Line
• Command line = Shell
• Shell is a program that takes keyboard commands and passes them to
the operating system for execution
• Almost all Linux distributions support a shell program called bash
• Bash = Bourne Again Shell (because bash replaces sh, the original Unix
shell program written by Steve Bourne)
• The name shell is given because it is the outer layer of the OS like the
shell around an oyster (See next slide)
Linux Shell Concept

A shell is a
Linux
program
that accepts
user
commands,
interprets,
and executes
them
Different Linux Shells
Shell Program Description
Name
Bourne shell sh Original shell program from AT&T,
available on all UNIX systems
C shell csh Shell developed as a part of BSD UNIX
TC shell tsh Similar to csh, with some enhancements
Korn shell ksh AT&T’s improvement of the Bourne shell
Bourne Again Shell bash Shell distributed with Linux
The Shell Prompt
• General format: username@machinename, followed by the current
working directory, and a dollar sign

• If we have a hash (#) at the end, instead of the dollar, the user has
superuser/root privileges
Filesystem Tree
• Like Windows, a Unix-like operating system such as Linux organizes its
files in what is called a hierarchical directory structure.
• This means that they are organized in a tree-like pattern of directories
(sometimes called folders in other systems), which may contain files
and other directories.
• The first directory in the filesystem is called the root directory.
• The root directory contains files and subdirectories, which contain
more files and subdirectories, and so on.
The Root Directory Confusion!

The real root directory


is /

There is also another


directory named root
within the real root
(i.e. /). But this is not
the real root. This is
for a default user
called as root.
The Current Directory
• The pwd command (print working directory)

• When we first log in to our system (or start a terminal emulator


session), our current working directory is set to our home directory.
• Each user account is given its own home directory, which is the only
place the user is allowed to write files when operating as a regular
user.
The Home Directory
• Each user on the system has a sub-directory inside home
Other Directory Commands
• ls: List the files and directories in the current working directory
• cd: Change directory
• Absolute path names: Begins with the root directory and follows the tree
branch by branch until the path to the desired directory or file is completed.
• For example, there is a directory on your system in which most of your
system’s programs are installed. The pathname of that directory is /usr/bin
More Directory Commands
• mkdir: Create a directory
More Directory Commands
• cp: Copy files and directories
More Directory Commands
• mv: Move and rename files
More Directory Commands
• rm: Delete files and directories
File Permissions
How to Specify Who to Give Permissions
To?
File Permission Examples
File Permissions in Binary
Understanding Numeric File Permissions
• Remember, Read permission = 4, Write permission = 2, Execute
permission = 1

Requirement Character-based Numeric


permissions representatio
n
Give all permissions to all the users 4 + 2 + 1 for everyone 777
Give read-write permissions to all the 4 + 2 for everyone 666
users
Owner should have all the permissions, 4 + 2 + 1 for the owner, 4 755
and the others should have read and +1 for the others
execute permissions
Examples
• chmod 755 file1
• chmod u+x file1
• chmod 525 file1
• chmod g-w file1

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