Introduction to Computing
Lecture 8
MUHAMMAD ZEESHAN
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BUS
Front side bus
Connects the processer to main memory
Backside bus
Connects the processer to L3 Cache
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Describing Storage Devices
Every computer stores system software and
application software.
A Storage device holds data, instructions, and
information for future use
OS, User data
A storage medium also called secondary
storage, is the physical material on which a
computer keeps data, instructions, and
information
Storage devices manage the media
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Storage Device
A storage device is the computer hardware that
records and/or retrieves items to and from
storage media
Reading is the process
of transferring items
from a storage medium
into memory
Writing is the process
of transferring items
from memory to a
storage medium
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Storage Capacity
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Storage Technology
Two main categories of storage technology
Magnetic storage
use a magnet
Optical storage
uses laser
A third category of storage—solid-state storage—is
increasingly being used in computer systems
uses physical switches
But is more commonly found in devices such as digital
cameras and media players.
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Magnetic Storage Devices
Most common form
Floppy Disk
of storage
Hard drives, floppy
drives, tape
All magnetic drives Tape
work the same
Hard Disk
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Floppy Diskettes
Also known as floppy disks
Read with a disk drive
Mylar disk
Spin at 300 RPM
Takes .2 second to find data
3 ½ floppy disk holds 1.44 MB
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Magnetic Storage Data Organization
Disks must be formatted before use
Format draws tracks on the disk
Tracks is divided into sectors
Amount of data a drive can read
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Hard Disks
Primary storage device in a computer
2 or more aluminum platters
Each platter has 2 sides
Spin between 5,400 to 15,000 RPM
Data found in 9.5 ms or less
Drive capacity greater than 40 GB
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Illustrated Hard Disk
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Magnetic Disks
What is a cylinder? track
Vertical section of sector
track through all
platters
Single movement
of read/write head
arms accesses all
platters
read/write
in cylinder head
platter
platter
sides
cylinder 12
Hard Disks
Hard disks
can store data
using
longitudinal
recording or
perpendicular
recording
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Magnetic Disks
What are characteristics of a hard disk?
Sample Hard Disk Characteristics
Advertised capacity 120 GB
Platters 3
Read/write heads 6
Cylinders 16,383
Bytes per second 512
Sectors per track 63 actual
disk
Sectors per drive 234,441,648 capacity
Revolutions per minute 7,200
Transfer rate 133 MB per second
Access time 8.9 ms
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Removable High Capacity Disks
Speed of hard disk
Portability of floppy disk
Several variants have emerged
High capacity floppy disk
Stores up to 750 MB of data
Hot swappable hard disks
Provide GB of data
Connect via USB
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External Hard disks
An external hard disk is a separate
free-standing hard disk that connects to
your computer with a cable or wirelessly
A removable hard disk is a hard disk
that you insert and remove from a drive
Internal and external hard disks are
available in miniature sizes (miniature
hard disks)
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External Hard Disks - Advantages
Transport a large number of files
Back up important files or an entire internal hard disk
(several external hard disk models allow you to back up
simply by pushing a button on the disk)
Easily store large audio and video files
Secure your data; for example, at the end of a work
session, remove the hard disk and lock it up, leaving no
data in the computer
Add storage space to a notebook computer, including
notebooks and Tablet PCs
Add storage space to a desktop computer without
having to open the system unit or
connect to a network 17
Tape Drives
Tape is a magnetically coated ribbon of plastic capable of
storing large amounts of data and information at low costs
A tape drive reads and writes data and information on a
tape
Best used for
Infrequently accessed data
Back-up solutions
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Data Storage on Tape
Slow Sequential Access
Reads and writes data consecutively, like music tapes
Unlike direct access – used on floppy disks, Zip disks,
Hard Disk, CDs and DVDs – which can locate particular
item immediately
Capacity exceeds 200 GB
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Optical Disks
An optical disc consists of a flat, round,
portable disc made of metal, plastic, and
lacquer that is written and read by a laser
Typically store software, data, digital photos,
movies, and music Push the button
to
Read only vs. rewritable slide out the tray.
Insert the
disc,
label side up.
Push the same button to
close the tray.
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Optical Disks
Optical discs
commonly store
items in a single
track that spirals
from the center
of the disc to the
edge
Track is divided
into evenly sized
sectors
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Arrangement of Sectors
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Disc formats
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CD-ROM
Compact Disc Read-Only Memory
Cannot erase or modify contents
Commonly used to distribute multimedia and
complex software
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CD Recordable (CD-R)
A CD-R is a multisession optical disc on which
users can write, but not erase
Create a data or audio CD
Data cannot be changed
Can continue adding until full
Most CD-Rs on the market have an 80 minute
capacity. There are also 90 minute/790 MB and
99 minute/870 MB discs, although they are less
common
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DVD-ROM
Digital versatile disc-ROM or
digital video disc-ROM)?
High Capacity disc capable of
storage 4.7 GB to 17 GB
Must have DVD-ROM drive or
DVD Player to read DVD-ROM
Stores databases, music,
videos, movies, complex
software
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Blu-ray Disc
Optical disc storage medium
Standard physical media 12 cm
Single layer discs 25 GB capacity
Dual layer discs 50 GB capacity
A Blu-ray Disc-ROM
(BD-ROM) has a
storage capacity of
XL 4 L 100 GB
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Solid State Storage Devices
Data is stored physically using switches
uses integrated circuit assemblies as memory
to store data persistently.
No magnets or laser
Very fast data transfer
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Solid State Drives
Solid State Drives (SSDs) have several
advantages over magnetic hard disks:
Faster access time Faster transfer rates
Generate less heat and
Last longer
consume less power
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Flash Memory Storage
Type of nonvolatile memory that can
be erased electronically and
rewritten.
Long term updateable storage
Contains no moving parts makes
them
more durable and shock resistant
than magnetic hard disks or optical
discs.
Found in cameras and USB drives
Combination of RAM and ROM
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Flash Memory Storage
A memory card is a removable flash memory
device that you insert and remove from a slot in
a computer, mobile device, or card
reader/writer
SD Cards USB
microSD 31
Flash Memory Storage
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Flash Drive Advantages
Use little power
Have no fragile moving parts, and
For most capacities are small and light
Data stored on flash drives is impervious to
mechanical shock, magnetic fields,
scratches and dust
Store data densely compared to many
removable media
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Other Type of Storage
Magnetic stripe
PC Card cards and smart
cards
Microfilm and
Enterprise storage
microfiche
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Enterprise Storage Devices
Enterprise storage stores huge volumes of data
and information for large businesses
Uses special hardware for heavy use, maximum
availability, and maximum efficiency
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Cloud Storage
Cloud storage is an Internet service that
provides storage to computer users
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Cloud Storage
Users subscribe to cloud storage for a variety
of reasons:
Access files from any computer
Store large files instantaneously
Allow others to access their files
View time-critical data and images immediately
Store offsite backups
Provide data center functions
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Useful Keys Internet
Network: Connecting computers with each other For exchanging information
Client : It is a program or computer for getting special information from another
compute.
Server: It is a program or computer, which gives information to the client computer.
Protocol: It’s a rules for connecting to the internet. (TCP/IP)
Portal: It is a website. Known as a gateway of internet. (Search engine)
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Router: It is a device, which decides where data will be
send (Network point)
www : World Wide Web
Browser: It is a programme which helps us to use internet
Website: Group of different web pages.
URL : Universal Resource Locator
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Types of Website (Domain)
.com : Commercial organization
.net : Large Networks
.gov : Government organization
.org : non-profit making organization
.edu : educational organization
.mil : military organization
.pk : Pakistan
.au : Australia
.us : United States
.uk : United Kingdom
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