Introduction to Computing

Lecture 8
MUHAMMAD ZEESHAN

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 BUS
 Front side bus
Connects the processer to main memory
 Backside bus
 Connects the processer to L3 Cache

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Describing Storage Devices
 Every computer stores system software and
application software.
 A Storage device holds data, instructions, and
information for future use
 OS, User data
 A storage medium also called secondary
storage, is the physical material on which a
computer keeps data, instructions, and
information
 Storage devices manage the media
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 Storage Device
 A storage device is the computer hardware that
records and/or retrieves items to and from
storage media
Reading is the process
of transferring items
from a storage medium
into memory

Writing is the process

of transferring items
from memory to a
storage medium
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Storage Capacity

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 Storage Technology
 Two main categories of storage technology
 Magnetic storage
 use a magnet
 Optical storage
 uses laser
 A third category of storage—solid-state storage—is
increasingly being used in computer systems
 uses physical switches
 But is more commonly found in devices such as digital
cameras and media players.

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Magnetic Storage Devices
 Most common form
Floppy Disk
of storage
 Hard drives, floppy
drives, tape
 All magnetic drives Tape

work the same

Hard Disk

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 Floppy Diskettes
 Also known as floppy disks
 Read with a disk drive
 Mylar disk
 Spin at 300 RPM
 Takes .2 second to find data
 3 ½ floppy disk holds 1.44 MB

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 Magnetic Storage Data Organization
 Disks must be formatted before use
 Format draws tracks on the disk
 Tracks is divided into sectors
 Amount of data a drive can read

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 Hard Disks
 Primary storage device in a computer
 2 or more aluminum platters
 Each platter has 2 sides
 Spin between 5,400 to 15,000 RPM
 Data found in 9.5 ms or less
 Drive capacity greater than 40 GB

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Illustrated Hard Disk

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 Magnetic Disks
 What is a cylinder? track
 Vertical section of sector
track through all
platters
 Single movement
of read/write head
arms accesses all
platters
read/write
in cylinder head
platter

platter

sides

cylinder 12
 Hard Disks
 Hard disks
can store data
using
longitudinal
recording or
perpendicular
recording

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 Magnetic Disks
 What are characteristics of a hard disk?

Sample Hard Disk Characteristics

Advertised capacity 120 GB

Platters 3
Read/write heads 6
Cylinders 16,383
Bytes per second 512
Sectors per track 63 actual
disk
Sectors per drive 234,441,648 capacity
Revolutions per minute 7,200
Transfer rate 133 MB per second
Access time 8.9 ms

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 Removable High Capacity Disks
 Speed of hard disk
 Portability of floppy disk
 Several variants have emerged
 High capacity floppy disk
 Stores up to 750 MB of data
 Hot swappable hard disks
 Provide GB of data
 Connect via USB

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External Hard disks

An external hard disk is a separate

free-standing hard disk that connects to
your computer with a cable or wirelessly

A removable hard disk is a hard disk

that you insert and remove from a drive

Internal and external hard disks are

available in miniature sizes (miniature
hard disks)
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 External Hard Disks - Advantages
 Transport a large number of files
 Back up important files or an entire internal hard disk
(several external hard disk models allow you to back up
simply by pushing a button on the disk)
 Easily store large audio and video files
 Secure your data; for example, at the end of a work
session, remove the hard disk and lock it up, leaving no
data in the computer
 Add storage space to a notebook computer, including
notebooks and Tablet PCs
 Add storage space to a desktop computer without
having to open the system unit or
 connect to a network 17
 Tape Drives
 Tape is a magnetically coated ribbon of plastic capable of
storing large amounts of data and information at low costs
 A tape drive reads and writes data and information on a
tape
 Best used for
 Infrequently accessed data
 Back-up solutions

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 Data Storage on Tape
 Slow Sequential Access
 Reads and writes data consecutively, like music tapes
 Unlike direct access – used on floppy disks, Zip disks,
Hard Disk, CDs and DVDs – which can locate particular
item immediately
 Capacity exceeds 200 GB

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 Optical Disks
 An optical disc consists of a flat, round,
portable disc made of metal, plastic, and
lacquer that is written and read by a laser
 Typically store software, data, digital photos,
movies, and music Push the button
to
 Read only vs. rewritable slide out the tray.

Insert the
disc,
label side up.

Push the same button to

close the tray.
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 Optical Disks
 Optical discs
commonly store
items in a single
track that spirals
from the center
of the disc to the
edge
 Track is divided
into evenly sized
sectors

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Arrangement of Sectors

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Disc formats

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 CD-ROM
 Compact Disc Read-Only Memory
 Cannot erase or modify contents
 Commonly used to distribute multimedia and
complex software

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 CD Recordable (CD-R)

A CD-R is a multisession optical disc on which

users can write, but not erase

 Create a data or audio CD

 Data cannot be changed
 Can continue adding until full
 Most CD-Rs on the market have an 80 minute
capacity. There are also 90 minute/790 MB and
99 minute/870 MB discs, although they are less
common
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 DVD-ROM
 Digital versatile disc-ROM or
digital video disc-ROM)?
 High Capacity disc capable of

storage 4.7 GB to 17 GB
 Must have DVD-ROM drive or

DVD Player to read DVD-ROM

 Stores databases, music,

videos, movies, complex

software

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Blu-ray Disc
 Optical disc storage medium
 Standard physical media 12 cm
 Single layer discs 25 GB capacity
 Dual layer discs 50 GB capacity
A Blu-ray Disc-ROM
(BD-ROM) has a
storage capacity of
XL 4 L 100 GB

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 Solid State Storage Devices
 Data is stored physically using switches
 uses integrated circuit assemblies as memory
to store data persistently.
 No magnets or laser
 Very fast data transfer

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 Solid State Drives
 Solid State Drives (SSDs) have several
advantages over magnetic hard disks:

Faster access time Faster transfer rates

Generate less heat and

Last longer
consume less power

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 Flash Memory Storage
 Type of nonvolatile memory that can
be erased electronically and
rewritten.
 Long term updateable storage
 Contains no moving parts makes
them
 more durable and shock resistant
 than magnetic hard disks or optical
discs.
 Found in cameras and USB drives
 Combination of RAM and ROM
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 Flash Memory Storage
 A memory card is a removable flash memory
device that you insert and remove from a slot in
a computer, mobile device, or card
reader/writer

SD Cards USB

microSD 31
Flash Memory Storage

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Flash Drive Advantages
 Use little power
 Have no fragile moving parts, and
 For most capacities are small and light
 Data stored on flash drives is impervious to
 mechanical shock, magnetic fields,
 scratches and dust
 Store data densely compared to many
removable media

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Other Type of Storage

Magnetic stripe
PC Card cards and smart
cards

Microfilm and
Enterprise storage
microfiche

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 Enterprise Storage Devices
 Enterprise storage stores huge volumes of data
and information for large businesses
 Uses special hardware for heavy use, maximum
availability, and maximum efficiency

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 Cloud Storage
 Cloud storage is an Internet service that
provides storage to computer users

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 Cloud Storage
 Users subscribe to cloud storage for a variety
of reasons:

Access files from any computer

Store large files instantaneously

Allow others to access their files

View time-critical data and images immediately

Store offsite backups

Provide data center functions

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 Useful Keys Internet
 Network: Connecting computers with each other For exchanging information
 Client : It is a program or computer for getting special information from another
compute.
 Server: It is a program or computer, which gives information to the client computer.
 Protocol: It’s a rules for connecting to the internet. (TCP/IP)
 Portal: It is a website. Known as a gateway of internet. (Search engine)

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Router: It is a device, which decides where data will be
send (Network point)

www : World Wide Web

Browser: It is a programme which helps us to use internet

Website: Group of different web pages.

URL : Universal Resource Locator

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Types of Website (Domain)
.com : Commercial organization
.net : Large Networks
.gov : Government organization
.org : non-profit making organization
.edu : educational organization
.mil : military organization
.pk : Pakistan
.au : Australia
.us : United States
.uk : United Kingdom

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