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Lecture # 8

This document discusses different types of structural joints used in steel construction, including bolted joints, riveted joints, and welded joints. It provides details on the analysis and design of bolted joints, including different bolt types, bolted joint configurations, and equations to calculate the shear and bearing strength of bolted joints. It also briefly introduces riveted joints and discusses various welding techniques and welded joint configurations used in steel structures. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate the strength of different bolted and welded joint configurations.

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Hexxacord The Better
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7 views

Lecture # 8

This document discusses different types of structural joints used in steel construction, including bolted joints, riveted joints, and welded joints. It provides details on the analysis and design of bolted joints, including different bolt types, bolted joint configurations, and equations to calculate the shear and bearing strength of bolted joints. It also briefly introduces riveted joints and discusses various welding techniques and welded joint configurations used in steel structures. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate the strength of different bolted and welded joint configurations.

Uploaded by

Hexxacord The Better
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Steel Structures

Lesson # 8
Structural Joints for Steel Construction
We AIM to understand
 Bolted Joints
 Introduction

 Types

 Analysis & Design

 Introduction to Rivets

 Welded Joints
 Introduction

 Types

 Analysis & Design


Bolted Joints
 Joining of Structural Member using bolts

 Are much better than other types, specially


rivets
 Ease of Installation

 Low Cost for manpower

 Local availability

 Make possible for reuse of structural systems


Types of Bolts
 Can be classified w.r.t Strength
 Ordinary Bolts, having strength characteristics as of A36
steel. Commonly classified as A307 and used for lightly
loaded structures.
 High Strength Bolts, known as A325 and A490. Made of
medium carbon steel and alloy steel respectively. Usually
recommended for vibration, earthquake and fatigue loading.
Recommended for structures, having height more than 150
to 200 feet.
 W.r.t Load resistance mechanism
 Snug Tightened: Resists pressure through bearing
 Slip Critical: Resists through friction of jointed surfaces
 Pre tensioned: Snug tightened, further tensioned to 70% of
yield strength.
Types of Bolted Joints
 Lap joints:  Butt Joints:
 Two elements are joints with snug  If three elements are joined using
tightened bolts. snug tightened bolts.
 Resist load primarily bearing  Bolts may experience double
strength of elements and single shear shearing
surface of bolts.  Load is primarily resisted by bearing
 Also known as single shear and of connected elements.
bearing joints.  Also known as double shearing &
 Unsymmetrical / eccentric loading bearing joints
for each element may also cause  Least possibility of bending failure
bending failure of connected
elements.  More stronger than lap joints
 Minimum two bolt lines are required
for sufficient load transfer.
Possible Failures of Bolted Joints
 Shearing failure along single plane
 Shearing failure along two planes
 Rupture of connecting plates / elements during tension
 Bearing of connected elements
Other requirements
 Minimum spacing of bolts: To ensure full bearing
resistance. Minimum 2 2/3 or maximum 3 x
diameter of bolts

 Minimum Edge Distances: To prevent rupture of


surface during punching of bolt hole, minimum 1.5
to 2 x diameter of bolt size be maintained from
nearest edge.

 Maximum Edge Distance: For moist conditions, it


should be 12 x thickness of thinner plate or 6”. For
normal conditions, 24 x thickness of thinner plate
or 12”.
Strength of Bolted Joints
 Shearing Strength:  In fact related to joined elements
strength instead of bolts.
 For bearing type bolts, slip
between surfaces induce  Arrangement of bolts, edge
shearing stress to bolts. Hence, distances, thickness and Fu of
it is resisted by shearing strength joined elements are key
times bolt area, with factor of variables.
safety.  Standard bolt holes are punched
 For A325 bolts, shearing for 1/8” additional to the bolt
strength is 54 ksi with threads size.
and 68 ksi without threads
 For A490 bolts, shearing
strength is 68 and 84 ksi for
with & without threads.

 Bearing Strength:
Strength of Bolted Joints
 Bearing Strength (Cont..): It is estimated based on following scenarios
 If deformation around bolt hole is design requirement i.e. deformation is less or equal to 0.25”

 If deformation around bolt hole is of no importance i.e. more than 0.25”

 Where:
 lc: distance between edges of adjacent holes, edge distance to hole edge, whichever is less.
 t: thickness of joined elements
 d: diameter of bolt
 Fu = Ultimate tensile strength of joined material
Example 1:
Example 1:
Example 1:
Example 2:
Example 2:
Example 3:
Example 3:
Example 3:
Example 3:
Introduction to Rivets

 The elements, consisting of a head and shank arrangement are known as rivets.
 Least used since they are not common now a days
 Various issues like
 Expert manpower
 Local Availability
 Specialized installation tools
 Are of two types
 Hot worked : heated to 1800 Deg Fahrenheit, punched through pneumatic guns
 Cold worked : are punched through pneumatic guns as cold. Limited for smaller size
Introduction to Rivets
Welded Joints
 Heating two metallic parts and joining
them with or without additional metal
is called welding.

 Very old and famous method of


structural joints

 May have history older than 3000


years.
Merits of Welded Joints

 Economical. Lesser weight of steel

 Easy to join unsymmetrical sections

 Offers more rigidity

 One piece joining due to fusing

 Any shape of jointing

 Lesser sound than riveting

 Lesser quantum of material


Types of Welding:

 Arc Welding: Electric Welding, using


high voltage. Temperature as high as
6000 to 10000 Deg F.

 Gas Welding: Oxygen + any other gas


with filler. Mostly oxyacetylene. Slow
process, used for maintenance or repair
works

 Submerged Arc Welding (SAW):


Covered Arc welding. Usually done for
high quality works
Methods of Inspection:
 Visual Inspection

 Liquid Penetrants

 Magnetic Particles

 Ultrasonic Testing

 Radiographic Procedure
Types of Welded Joints
 Fillet Welds

 Groove Welds

 Partially Filled

 Fully Filled

 Plug & Slot Welds


Fillet Welds

 Welds, performed perpendicular or parallel to the direction of application of force such that
members to be joined, overlap each other.
 Most common, around 80% of welds in a structure
 Simple and very strong to perpendicular forces
 Limiting value is shearing strength
Strength of Fillet Welds

 Are analyzed w.r.t forces parallel to the weld axis


 Strength of welded connection is lowest value for either base material of welding material
 AISC recommends 2 equations for this.
Strength of Welds – AISC Provisions
Strength of Welds – AISC Provisions
Strength of Welds – AISC Provisions
AISC requirements for fillet welds

 Minimum length of weld should > 4 x leg size of weld


 Maximum size of fillet weld should be equal to plate thickness for ¼” thick members. For
larger sizes, it should be member thickness less 1/16”
 Thicker metals offer less resistance to weld than thin. Should be preheated
 For longitudinal fillet welds, length should not be less than spacing between them
 Laps must be 5 x thickness of thinner part but not less than 1”
 If length of fillet weld is more than 100 x leg size then its strength be reduced by factor.
Example 4: Welded Joints
Example 4: Welded Joints
Example 5: Welded Joints
Example 5: Welded Joints
Example 5: Welded Joints
Example 6: Welded Joints
Example 6: Welded Joints
Example 6: Welded Joints

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