Maintenance Mathematics

content
2.1 Introduction 3
2.1.1 Boolean algebra and probability properties 4

2.1.2 Probability and cumulative Distributive Function definition 7

2.1.3 Exponential distribution 9
2.1.4 Rayleigh distribution 10
2.1.5 Weibull distribution 11
2.1.6 Normal distribution 12
2.1.7 General distribution 14
2.1.8 Laplace Transforms : Initial and Final Value Theorems 16
2.1.9 Algebraic equation 18
2.1.10 Quadratic equation 19
2.1.11 cubic equation 21
2.1.12 Differential Equations 22
2.1 Introduction
• In maintenance, mathematics find applications in work sampling,
inventory control analysis, failure data analysis, establishing optimum
preventive maintenance policies, maintenance cost analysis, and
project management control.
• Some of the areas of mathematics used in maintenance include set
theory, probability, calculus, differential equations, Stochastic
processes, and Laplace transforms.
2.1.1 BOOLEAN ALGEBRA AND PROBABILITY PROPERTIES

• In mathematics and mathematical logic , Boolean algebra is the

branch of algebra in which the values of the variables are the truth
values true and false , usually denoted 1 and 0 respectively.
• Instead of elementary algebra where the values of the variables are
numbers, and the prime operations are addition and multiplication.
Boolean Algebra Rules
• Absorption law ……………..Y (Y + A) = Y
……………..Y + YA = Y
• Commutative law ………….AY = YA
………….. A + Y = Y + A
• Idempotent law …………….YY = Y
…………….Y + Y = Y
• Distributive law…………….. A (Y + B) = AY + AB
……………..A + (YB) = (A + Y ) (A + B)
• Associative law……………… A (YB) = (AY ) B
………………. (A + B) + Y = A + (Y + B)
Where Y, A, B are variables
Important properties of probability are as follows

• The probability of occurrence of event, Y, is always

0≤P(y)≤1
where P(Y ) is the probability of occurrence of Y.
• The probability of occurrence and nonoccurrence of Y is given by

where Ῡ is the negation of Y and is the probability of nonoccurrence of

Y
2.1.2 PROBABILITY AND CUMULATIVE
DISTRIBUTION
FUNCTION DEFINITIONS
• A random variable is a function that assigns a number to each
outcome in a sample space. a variable which takes up possible values
whose outcomes are numerical from a random phenomenon is
termed as a random variable.
• A random Variable X is continuous if its set of possible value is an
entire interval of numbers (if A < B, then any number X between A
and B is possible).
• Probability Distribution function – defines the probabilistic property of
a continuous random variable. It must Satisfy f(x)≥0 and the
probability that the random variable lies between two values is
obtained by integrating the probability density function between the
two values. b
P  a  X  b    f ( x )dx
a

• The Cumulative Distribution Function - The cumulative distribution

function, F(x) for a continuous R.V X is defined
x
for every number x by:
F ( x )  P  X  x    f ( y )dy


 For each x, F(x) is the area under the density curve to the left of x.

x
 F ( x)  P( X  x)   
f ( y ) dy
dF ( x )
 f ( x) 
dx
2.1.3 EXPONENTIAL DISTRIBUTION

• The exponential distribution is a continuous distribution that is commonly used

to measure the expected time for an event to occur. For example, in physics it
is often used to measure radioactive decay, in engineering it is used to measure
the time associated with receiving a defective part on an assembly line.
• The distribution probability density function is defined by

• the exponential distribution cumulative distribution function:

where λ is the distribution parameter.

2.1.4 RAYLEIGH DISTRIBUTION

• The Rayleigh distribution is a continuous probability distribution named after

the English Lord Rayleigh . The distribution is widely used in communications
theory, the physical sciences, engineering and in medical imaging science.
• Its probability density function is expressed by

• where α is the distribution parameter.

• And cumulative distribution function expressed by

2.1.5 WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION
• The Weibull distribution is a continuous probability distribution named after
Swedish mathematician Waloddi Weibull. it’s commonly used to assess
product reliability, analyze life data and model failure times.
• Its probability density function is defined by

• where b and α are the shape and scale parameters, respectively.

• And cumulative distribution function expressed by

2.1.6 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
• Normal distribution, also known as the Gaussian distribution, is a
probability distribution that is symmetric about the mean, showing
that data near the mean are more frequent in occurrence than
data far from the mean. In graph form, normal distribution will
appear as a bell curve .
• Normal distribution is symmetrical distribution, but not all
symmetrical distributions are normal. In reality, most pricing
distributions are not perfectly normal.
 Cont.’
• Its probability density function is defined by

• And cumulative distribution function expressed by

• where and are the distribution parameters (i.e., mean and standard
deviation, respectively).
 2.1.7 GENERAL DISTRIBUTION

• This distribution can represent a wide range of physical phenomena, and

its probability density function is expressed by

• for the cumulative distribution function:

The following statistical functions are the special cases of the general
distribution:
• For m = 1: Weibull
• For m = 1 and s = 2: Rayleigh
• For m = 1 and s = 1: Exponential
2.1.8 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS: INITIAL AND FINAL
VALUE THEOREMS

• Laplace transforms are useful for solving system of linear differential

equations in mathematical maintenance analysis.
• The Laplace transform of a function f(t),defined for all real numbers t ≥ 0, is
the function F(s), which is a unilateral transform defined by

where s is a complex number frequency parameter

where
t = time,
s = Laplace transform variable,
f(s) = Laplace transform of f(t).
cont.
• Initial value theorem and Final value theorem are together called as
Limiting Theorems. Initial value theorem is often referred as IVT. It will
enable us to find the initial value at time t = (0 )for a given
transformed function (Laplace) without enabling us work harder to
find f(t) which is a tedious process in such case.
Cont.

• Initial value theorem - If the function f(t) and its first derivative are
Laplace transformable and f(t)Has the Laplace transform F(s), and the
exists, then

• Final value theorem - If the function f(t) and its first derivative are
Laplace transformable and f(t)Has the Laplace transform F(s), and the
exists, then
2.1.9 ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS

• Mathematical maintenance analysis may involve determining roots of

algebraic equations. A root may be described as a value of variable
when insertion into the polynomial
equation leads to the value of the equation equal to zero. When all
roots of the polynomial equation are found, it is considered solved.
• There are a few rules we must observe: an algebraic equation must
contain a variable, the variable must be multiplied by a coefficient
that is not zero and there should be an equal sign.
2.1.10 QUADRATIC EQUATION

• In algebra , a quadratic equation (from the Latin quadratus for "square ")
is any equation having the form

• where x represents an unknown, and a , b , and c represent known

numbers, with a ≠ 0. If a = 0,then the equation is linear , not quadratic, as
there is no term. The numbers a , b , and c are the coefficients of the
equation and may be distinguished by calling them, respectively, the
quadratic coefficient, the linear coefficient and the constant or free term.
Cont.

•d
For real a, b, and c the roots can be classified as follows:
• For d > 0: real and unequal
• For d = 0: real and equal
• For d < 0: complex conjugate
2.1.11 CUBIC EQUATION
• First off, cubic equations are equations with a degree of 3. This means
that the highest exponent is always 3. In algebra, we can write their
general form as where a , b , c , and d are numbers, with the one
restriction that a cannot be 0. So, cubic equations can have just one
term as long as it has an exponent of 3.
2.1.12 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

• In mathematical maintenance analysis it may be necessary to find

solutions to a set of linear differential equations, particularly when
applying the Markov method.
• An equation containing derivative of the dependent variable with
respect to independent variables is known as differential Equation.
• There are two basic types of differential Equation
a) Ordinal differential equation - a differential equation involving
derivatives of the dependent variable with respect to one
independent variable.
cont.
b) Partial differential equation – a differential equation containing the
derivative of the dependent variable with respect to more than one
independent variables.
Notation -