Chapter 5

IP Addresses: Classless Addressing

Objectives
Upon completion you will be able to: Understand the concept of classless addressing Be able to find the first and last address given an IP address Be able to find the network address given a classless IP address Be able to create subnets from a block of classless IP addresses Understand address allocation and address aggregation
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5.1 VARIABLE-LENGTH BLOCKS

In classless addressing variable-length blocks are assigned that belong to no class. In this architecture, the entire address space is divided into blocks of different sizes.

The topics discussed in this section include: Restrictions Finding the Block Granted Block

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Figure 5.1

Variable-length blocks

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Example 1

Which of the following can be the beginning address of a block that contains 16 addresses? a. 205.16.37.32 b.190.16.42.44 c. 17.17.33.80 d.123.45.24.52 Solution Only two are eligible (a and c). The address 205.16.37.32 is eligible because 32 is divisible by 16. The address 17.17.33.80 is eligible because 80 is divisible by 16.
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Example 2

Which of the following can be the beginning address of a block that contains 256 addresses? a.205.16.37.32 b.190.16.42.0 c.17.17.32.0 d.123.45.24.52

Solution In this case, the right-most byte must be 0. IP addresses use base 256 arithmetic. When the rightmost byte is 0, the total address is divisible by 256. Only two addresses are eligible (b and c).
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Example 3

Which of the following can be the beginning address of a block that contains 1024 addresses? a. 205.16.37.32 b.190.16.42.0 c. 17.17.32.0 d.123.45.24.52

Solution In this case, we need to check two bytes because 1024 = 4 256. The right-most byte must be divisible by 256. The second byte (from the right) must be divisible by 4. Only one address is eligible (c).
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Figure 5.2

Format of classless addressing address

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Table 5.1 Prefix lengths

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Example 4

What is the first address in the block if one of the addresses is 167.199.170.82/27? Solution The prefix length is 27, which means that we must keep the first 27 bits as is and change the remaining bits (5) to 0s. The following shows the process: Address in binary: 10100111 11000111 10101010 Keep the left 27 bits: 10100111 11000111 10101010 Result in CIDR notation: 167.199.170.64/27
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01010010

01000000

Example 5

What is the first address in the block if one of the addresses is 140.120.84.24/20? Solution Figure 5.3 shows the solution. The first, second, and fourth bytes are easy; for the third byte we keep the bits corresponding to the number of 1s in that group. The first address is 140.120.80.0/20. See Next Slide
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Figure 5.3

Example 5

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Example 7

Find the number of addresses in the block if one of the addresses is 140.120.84.24/20.

Solution The prefix length is 20. The number of addresses in the block is 23220 or 212 or 4096. Note that this is a large block with 4096 addresses.

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Example 8

Find the last address in the block if one of the addresses is 140.120.84.24/20. Solution The mask has twenty 1s and twelve 0s. The complement of the mask has twenty 0s and twelve 1s. In other words, the mask complement is 00000000 00000000 00001111 11111111

or 0.0.15.255. We add the mask complement to the beginning address to find the last address.
See Next Slide
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Example 8 (Continued)

We add the mask complement to the beginning address to find the last address. 140 . 120 . 80 . 0 0 . 0 . 15 . 255 ---------------------------140 . 120 . 95 . 255

The last address is 140.120.95.255/20.

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Example 10

Find the block if 190.87.140.202/29.

one

of

the

addresses

is

The first address is 190.87.140.200/29

The number of addresses is 23229 or 8. To find the last address, we use the complement of the mask. The mask has twenty-nine 1s; the complement has three 1s. The complement is 0.0.0.7. If we add this to the first address, we get 190.87.140.207/29. In other words, the first address is 190.87.140.200/29, the last address is 190.87.140.207/20. There are only 8 addresses in this block.
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Example 11
Show a network configuration for the block in the previous example.

See Next Slide

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Figure 5.5

Example 11

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Note: In classless addressing, the last address in the block does not necessarily end in 255.

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5.2 SUBNETTING
When an organization is granted a block of addresses, it can create subnets to meet its needs. The prefix length increases to define the subnet prefix length.

The topics discussed in this section include: Finding the Subnet Mask Finding the Subnet Addresses Variable-Length Subnets

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Note:
In fixed-length subnetting, the number of subnets is a power of 2. If the number of subnet is S, the number of extra 1s in the prefix length is log2 S, where S=2no.of extra 1s
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Example 12

An organization is granted the block 130.34.12.64/26. The organization needs 4 subnets. What is the subnet prefix length? Solution We need 4 subnets, which means we need to add two more 1s (log2 4 = 2) to the site prefix. The subnet prefix is then /28.

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Example 13

What are the subnet addresses and the range of addresses for each subnet in the previous example? Solution Figure 5.6 shows one configuration. See Next Slide

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Figure 5.6

Example 13

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Example 13 (Continued)

The site has 23226 = 64 addresses. Each subnet has 23228 = 16 addresses. Now let us find the first and last address in each subnet.
1. The first address in the first subnet is 130.34.12.64/28, using the procedure we showed in the previous examples. Note that the first address of the first subnet is the first address of the block. The last address of the subnet can be found by adding 15 (16 1) to the first address. The last address is 130.34.12.79/28.

See Next Slide

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Example 13 (Continued)
2.The first address in the second subnet is 130.34.12.80/28; it is found by adding 1 to the last address of the previous subnet. Again adding 15 to the first address, we obtain the last address, 130.34.12.95/28. 3. Similarly, we find the first address of the third subnet to be 130.34.12.96/28 and the last to be 130.34.12.111/28. 4. Similarly, we find the first address of the fourth subnet to be 130.34.12.112/28 and the last to be 130.34.12.127/28.
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Variable- Length Subnets

We can design subnets having variablelength masks. So we can design subnets of different sizes. This allows the organization to assign the addresses based on the needs of the subnet sizes.

5.3 ADDRESS ALLOCATION

Address allocation is the responsibility of a global authority called the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Addresses (ICANN). It usually assigns a large block of addresses to an ISP to be distributed to its Internet users. Many blocks of addresses are aggregated in one block and granted to one ISP. This is called Address Aggregation.

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