Chapter 2

8086 Addressing Mode

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Outline
Programming Overview
Programming Language Levels
Addressing Modes
Register and Immediate
Memory
I/O
Relative
Implied

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 Programming Overview
Programming Language Levels
 There are three programming language levels that can be used to write programs
for a microcomputer
 Machine Language
 Assembly Language
 High Level Language

 Machine Language
 Sequence of binary codes
 Very difficult to understand and error prone
 To make it easier, HEX representation is used
 E.g. 1011 1000 B8
1001 0100 94
0000 0001 01
This is binary code for the 8086 instruction
MOV AX, 0194H
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 Programming Overview
Programming Language Levels…
Assembly language
 Makes programming easier
 A special program called assembler is required to translate it to
machine language
 Uses two-, three- or four-letter mnemonics to represent each
instruction type
 Mnemonics in assembly languages
 Initials or shortened form of the operation performed by the instruction
 Statements usually written in a standard form that consists of
four fields
LABEL OP CODE OPERAND COMMENT FIELD
FIELD FIELD FIELD
NEXT: ADD AL, 07H ;ADD
CORRECTION
FACTOR 4
 Programming Overview
Programming Language Levels…
Assembly language…
 Label Field
 A symbol or group of symbols used to represent an address
which is not specifically known at the time the statement is
written
 Usually followed by a colon
 Not required in every statement, inserted where it is needed
 Op Code Field
 Contain mnemonic for the instruction to be performed
 E.g.LABEL
ADD is theOPmnemonic
CODE for the instruction
OPERAND to do addition
COMMENT FIELD
FIELD FIELD FIELD
NEXT: ADD AL, 07H ;ADD CORRECTION
FACTOR 5
 Programming Overview
Programming Language Levels…
 Assembly language…
 Operand Field
 Contains the data, the memory address, the port address or the name of the register on
which the instruction is performed
 Operand is another name for data items to be acted up on by an instruction
 E.g. The figure below contain two operands 07H and AL
 Comment Field
 Starts with a semicolon, not part of the machine language program
 Reminds the function that an instruction or group of instructions performs in the
program
 To convert assembly to machine
 Manual: E.g. MOV AX, 0194  B8 94 01  BINARY
 Use assembler
LABEL OP CODE OPERAND COMMENT FIELD
FIELD FIELD FIELD
NEXT: ADD AL, 07H ;ADD CORRECTION
FACTOR 6
 Addressing Modes
The different ways in which a processor can access
data that it operates on
Indicated in the instruction in assembly languages
E.g. Move instruction format
MOV destination, source
Copies a word or byte from the specified source location to the
specified destination location
Source – could be a number, register or memory location
Destination – can be register or memory (1 of 24 ways)
Both source and destination can’t be memory locations in an
instruction

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 Addressing Modes…
The 8086 has 12 basic addressing modes that can be
classified into five groups
Register and Immediate
Memory
I/O
Relative
Implied

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 Addressing Modes…
Immediate
8 or 16-bit data can be specified as part of the instruction
 E.g. MOV CX, 437BH
 Puts immediate hexadecimal number 437B in the 16-bit CX register
 E.g. MOV CL, 48H
 Puts immediate hexadecimal number 48 in the 8-bit CL register
 Immediate:
 Because the number to be loaded into CX/CL will be put in
memory locations immediately following the code for the move
instruction
Data part of the instruction
 Located in the memory addressed by CS and IP registers

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 Addressing Modes…
Register
A register is the source, destination or both of an
operand for the instruction
E.g. MOV CX, AX
 Copies contents of the AX register into 16-bit CX register
Any 16-bit register can be moved to any 16-bit register
Any 8-bit register can be moved to any 8-bit register
BUT register sizes must be the same
E.g. MOV BX, CH is ILLEGAL!

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 Addressing Modes…
Memory
Used to specify location of an operand in memory
8086 provides 17 different ways to access memory
To access data, Effective Address (EA) is added to
segment base address
The EA represents the displacement (offset) of the
operand from the segment base
EU calculates EA for an operand from the information
specified in the instruction
Depending on the way the EA is provided to EU
There are various memory addressing modes
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 Memory Addressing Modes…
Direct
The simplest memory addressing mode
EA is 16-bit number written directly in instruction
 E.g. 1
 MOV BL, [437AH]

 Copy contents of memory location at a displacement of 437AH from DS

base into BL
Direct
 Displacement of operand from segment base is specified
directly in the instruction

Unless BIU is told to add the displacement to some other

segment base , it is added to the data segment base DS
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 Memory Addressing Modes…
Direct…
 E.g. 2
 MOV BX, [437AH]
 Copies 16-bit word from memory to BX register
 Byte at displacement 437AH from DS is copied into BL
 Byte at displacement 437BH from DS is copied into BH
 8086 automatically identifies # of bytes to copy from the instruction
coding
 8086 stores low byte in lower address & high byte in higher address
 Direct addressing can also specify destination
 E.g. MOV [437AH], BX
 Copies contents of the BX register to two memory locations in the data

segment
 Contents of BL copied to memory location at displacement of 437AH

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 Memory Addressing Modes…
Register Indirect
EA is specified in either a pointer or index register
 Pointers
 Base Register (BX) & Base Pointer Register (BP)
 Index
 Source Index (SI) & Destination Index (DI)
The 20-bit physical address is computed using DS and EA
 E.g. MOV [DI], BX
 Copies content of BX into memory at offset DI from current DS
 E.g. If [DS] = 5004H, [DI] = 0020H and [BX] = 2456H,
 Then after MOV [DI], BX content of BX (2456H) is moved to
memory locations 50060H and 50061H
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 Memory Addressing Modes…
Based
EA is obtained by adding a displacement to contents
of BX or BP
The displacement can be signed 8-bit or unsigned 16-bit
DS and SS become segment registers for BX and BP
respectively
E.g. MOV AL, START[BX] or, MOV AL, [BX+START]
 EA is obtained by adding value of START and [BX]
Based addressing mode provides convenient way to
address structure which may be stored at different
places in memory
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 Memory Addressing Modes…
Indexed
EA is calculated by adding the unsigned 16-bit or sign-
extended 8 bit displacement and contents of SI or DI
E.g. MOV BH, START[SI]
 Moves contents of 20-bit address computed from
displacement START, SI and DS into BH
 The displacement START is provided by the programmer
using the assembler pseudo instruction
Indexed addressing can be used to access a single table,
where displacement is starting address of table
 SI/DI used as an index to access a particular element in
the table
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 Memory Addressing Modes…
Based and Indexed
EA is computed by adding base register (BX or BP), and
index register (SI or DI), and displacement
E.g. MOV ALPHA[SI][BX], CL
 If [BX] = 0200H, ALPHA = 08H, [SI] = 1000H, & [DS] = 3000H,
then 8-bit content of CL is moved to 20-bit physical address
31208H
Provides a convenient way for a subroutine to address
an array allocated on a stack
 BP loaded with offset in stack segment, SS
 Displacement, a value which is the difference b/n top of
the stack and the beginning of the array
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 Memory Addressing Modes…
String
Uses index registers
String instructions automatically assume
 SI to point to first byte/word of source string/operand
 DI to point to first byte/word of destination operand
Contents of SI & DI automatically incremented
 By clearing the direction flag to 0 by CLD instruction
Contents of SI & DI automatically decremented
 By setting the direction flag to 1 by STD instruction
Segment register for source is DS (can be overridden)
Segment register for destination is ES (cannot be
overridden)
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 Addressing Modes…
I/O
Memory mapped I/O uses memory addressing modes
Standard I/O uses port addressing modes

Two types of port addressing:

 Direct: port number is immediate 8-bit operand
 Allows fixed access to ports o to 255
 E.g. OUT 05H, AL
 outputs [AL] to 8-bit port 05H

 Indirect: port number is taken from DX

 Allows 64K 8-bit or 32K 16-bit ports
 E.g. IN AL, DX ;where [DX]=5040H
 Inputs the 8-bit content of port 5040

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 Addressing Modes…
Relative & Implied
Relative
Operand is specified as signed 8-bit displacement
relative to PC
 E.g. JNC START
Implied
Instructions using this mode have no operands
 E.g. CLC - clears carry flag to zero

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End of Chapter 2

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