Ethernet standard

802.11
Frame format, Addressing

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Our agenda to give a big picture view
Ethernet Standard
802.11 Full Addressing
01 Short description here 04 Short description here

Frame Format Conclusion

02 Short description here 05 Short description here

Addressing Credits and Copyrights

03 Short description here 06 Short description here

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Ethernet
• Invention by Bob Metcalfe (1973)

• Standardization (1983)

• Introduction of Twisted Pair Cables (1980s)

• Evolution of speeds (1980 - Present)

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Ethernet Cables

• Twisted Pair Construction

• Categories of ethernet cables

• Connectors and standards

• Power Over Ethernet (PoE) Capability

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Ethernet Cable Category Comparison

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 Frame Processing in Ethernet
• Frame Structure

1. it include preamble, start frame delimiter, destination and source mac

addresses, Ether type/field, data pay load

2. Frame Check Sequence For error detection

• Addressing

1. MAC addresses for source and destination

2. It processing include checking MAC Address.

• Collision Handling

1. Carrier Sense and collision detection before and during data transmission.

2. Modern ethernet networks Full-Duplex Mode

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Frame Processing in Wi-Fi
• Frame Structure

1. Basic frame includes frame control, duration, address fields (RTA), sequence
control, frame body, frame check sequence (FCS).

• Frame Types

1. Management frames

2. Control frames

3. Data frames

• Wireless Medium Access

1. Wi-Fi uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) as

medium access control protocol

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Wi-Fi the
IEEE 802.11 Standard
• Wi-Fi Stands for Wireless Fidelity in
generic terms it refers to IEEE standard
for Wireless Local Area Network
(WLAN).
• It use radio frequency to transmit data
through the air.
• Concerned with the lower layers of OSI
model
1. Data Link Layer
2. Physical Layer
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Advantages
• Freedom - You can work from any
location

• Setup Cost - No cabling requires

• Flexibility - Quick and easy setup

• Scalable - Can be expanded with

growth

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Disadvantages
• Speed – Slower than cable
• Range – Affected by various medium
1. Best in open spaces
2. Reduces by walls and glass water
etc.
• Security – Greater exposure to risks
1. Unauthorized access
2. Denial of Service

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Evolution of IEEE 802.11 Standard

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 Frames Format
• Process of wrapping data with certain info before sending out
• Frames are the units of digital transmission in computer network
• frames are comparable to the packets of energy called photons.
• Frames is a point-to-point connection between computer or devices

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 Frame Structure

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Problems in Framing
• Detecting start of the frame – when a frame is
transmitted. Every station detects frames by
looking out sequence of bits it is known as
beginning of the frame i.e. (SFD) Start Frame
Delimiter.
• How station detect frame – every station
listens to link for SFD pattern through circuit if
SFD is detected it alerts station. Station check
address whether to accept or reject frame.
• Detecting end of frame – when to stop reding
the frame

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Problems in Framing
• Detecting end of frame – when to stop
reading the frame
1. Handling errors – framing errors occur due to
noise or other transmission errors. Which
can cause a station to misinterpret the frame
therefore error detection and correction
mechanism are used. Such as CRC (CRC) are
used to ensure the integrity of the frame.

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Coffe Break
Enjoy your 30’ pause!

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 Framing Types

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 Types of Frames
• Fixed size – The frame is of fixed • Variable size – In this, there is a
size and the length if the frame need to define the end of the
itself acts as a delimiter. frame as well as beginning of the
next frame to distinguish.
• There is no need to provide
boundaries to the frame. This can be done in two ways
Length Field: it is used to indicate
• Drawback – if the data size is
the length of the frame
less than frame size then the
solution is Padding End Delimiter (ED): it is used to
indicate the end of the frame. Used
in the token ring
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FRAME CHECK SEQUENCE
• Error detection – The sender calculates a mathematical value
based on the content of the frame using Cyclic Redundancy
Check (CRC) algorithm
• Transmission – The frame including the FCS, is transmitted to
the destination device.
• Reception – The receiving device also check the FCS using Cyclic
Redundancy Check (CRC) algorithm
• Error Detection – If calculated FCS matches the received FCS. It
indicated that the frame has been transmitted without errors.

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 Variations in Frame Format
1. Ethernet Standards:

•Different Ethernet standards, such as 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, 1000BASE-T, and others,

may have variations in frame formats to support different data rates and network
architectures.
2. Frame Sizes:
•Ethernet frames can have different maximum and minimum frame sizes depending on
the specific Ethernet standard or protocol. For example, standard Ethernet frames have
a maximum size of 1518 bytes, while Jumbo frames can exceed this size.
3. Frame Control Fields:
•Some Ethernet variations may introduce additional or modified frame control fields to
accommodate specific features or requirements.
 Ethernet Frame Format

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 Standard 802.11 frame format

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INTRODUCTION TO ADDRESSING
In the intricate world of computer networking,
the ability of devices to communicate
seamlessly relies heavily on a concept as
fundamental as it is pivotal—addressing. every
device connected to a network is assigned a
digital address that distinguishes it from
others.

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 MAC Addressing

MAC (Media Access Control) addressing refers to the assignment and usage of MAC
addresses, which are unique identifiers assigned to network interfaces. MAC
addresses play a crucial role at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model.
 Source and destination Address in addressing
1. Source Address:

•The source address is the MAC address of the device that initiates the transmission of data. When
a device sends a frame, it includes its own MAC address in the source address field of the frame
header.

•Example:
• If Device A is sending a frame, its MAC address will be placed in the source address field.

2. Destination Address:

•The destination address is the MAC address of the device to which the data frame is intended. The
destination address is placed in the frame header's destination address field.

•Example:
• If Device B is the intended recipient, its MAC address will be placed in the destination
address field.
 Broadcast and Multicast
Addressing
• Broadcast:
• Broadcast communication involves sending data to all devices in a network segment.
It is a one-to-all communication method. In Ethernet, the broadcast MAC address has
all bits set to 1 (FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF).
• ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) uses broadcast to discover the MAC address
associated with a given IP address.

• Multicast:
• Multicast communication involves sending data to a specific group of devices within
a network. It is a one-to-many communication method.
• A multicast MAC address is used for this type of communication.
• Multicast is often employed for scenarios where data needs to be delivered to a
subset of device.
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 •IP (Internet Protocol) addressing is a
IP fundamental concept in networking that
involves assigning unique numerical labels to
addressing devices participating in a computer network.
•IPv4 vs. IPv6:
•IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4): Utilizes a
32-bit address scheme, resulting in
approximately 4.3 billion unique addresses.
•IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6):
Introduces a 128-bit address scheme,
providing an exponentially larger hub of
unique addresses

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 Subnetting
It is a process in IP
Purpose to
addressing that
enhance network
involves dividing a
efficiency,
larger IP network
improve security
into smaller, more
and optimize the
manageable sub-
allocation of IP
networks or
Addresses
subnets.

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 Subnet Mask in IP Addressing
Subnet mask is a numerical value that separates the network and
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Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
• CIDR notation is often used in
conjunction with subnetting.
CIDR simplifies the
representation of IP addresses
and subnet masks, allowing for
more flexibility in addressing and
routing.

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Advantages of Subnetting
1.Enhanced Security:
• By logically dividing a network into
subnets, administrators can implement
security measures more effectively.

2.Optimizing Network Performance:

• Subnetting can contribute to better
network performance by limiting the scope
of broadcast traffic and improving the
efficiency of network.

3.Flexibility and Scalability:

• Subnetting provides flexibility in network
design and facilitates scalability.
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 Ethernet Addressing
1. MAC Address (Media Access Control):

• Every NIC in an ethernet network is

assigned a unique 48-bit MAC Address.

2. Broadcast Address:

• The broadcast address in Ethernet is a

special MAC address where all bits are set to 1
(FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF).

3. Multicast Address:

• It allows frames to be sent on specific group

of devices

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 IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) Addressing:

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 IEEE 802.11(Wi-Fi) Addressing
1. MAC Address:

• Like Ethernet, Wi-Fi devices are assigned MAC

addresses for identification.

2. Basic Service Set Identifier (BSSID)

• The broadcast address in Ethernet is a special MAC

address where all bits are set to 1 (FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF).

3. Wireless Distribution System (WDS):

• It allows frames to be sent on specific group of devices.

• WDS allows wireless interconnection of access points,

and devices in a WDS network may use MAC addresses
for communication.

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 Security Consideration in Addressing
Address Exhaustion:
1. Issue: exhaustion of available IP addresses may occur due to insufficient address allocation.
2. Security Measure: properly manage IP address allocation, consider the use of IPv6 to limit
address exhaustion

Denial of Service (DoS) Attack:

1. Issue: full addressing may be exploited in DoS attacks due to number of requests or traffic
flood the network.
2. Security Measure: Use techniques like Anycast to distribute and absorb traffic.

Address Privacy:
1. Issue: Exposure of device details through addressing may raise privacy concerns.

2. Security Measure: Utilize technologies like Network Address Translation (NAT) to conceal
internal IP addresses from external networks.

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 Conclusion
Ethernet Standard specifically IEEE 802.11 plays an important in shaping
modern network technologies

The frame format, a key aspect of this standard, defines the structure of
data packets, ensuring efficient and reliable transmission of information.

In essence, the ethernet standard, its frame format and addressing

mechanisms are integral components

As technology continues to progress, these standards will likely adapt and

evolve, ensuring that networking infrastructures remain resilient,

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"I have not failed. I’ve just found 10,000
ways that won’t work."

Thomas Edison
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