WINDINGS

Winding consists of Insulator

1. Conductors or wires
2. Turns 1 2 3 conductor

3. Coils 1 2 3

series
Parallel
When these coils are connected in series or parallel
then winding is formed
WINDINGS
 WINDINGS
The windings in rotating electrical machine can be
be classified as
a) Concentrated winding
b) Distributed winding
 a) Concentrated winding:
Turns have SAME magnetic axis
Wdg turns are wound together.
One multi-turn coil
For example, primary and secondary wdg
of transformer

Magnetic axis
Φ
primary secondary
 a) Concentrated winding:
Turns have SAME magnetic axis
Wdg turns are wound together.
One multi-turn coil
For example, primary and secondary wdg
of transformer
Top view of wdg
Magnetic axis
Φ
primary Front view of wdg secondary
 a) Concentrated winding:
Turns have SAME magnetic axis
Wdg turns are wound together.
One multi-turn coil
For example, primary and secondary wdg
of transformer
Top view of wdg
Magnetic axis
Φ
primary Front view of wdg secondary
 a) Concentrated winding:
Turns have SAME magnetic axis
Wdg turns are wound together.
One multi-turn coil
For example, primary and secondary wdg
of transformer
Top view of wdg
Magnetic axis
Φ
primary Front view of wdg secondary

If wdg is cut, vartically, conductors can be

 Another example is of field wdg
of DC machines
For this wdg first former is made
with insulation
 Another example is of field wdg
of DC machines
For this wdg first former is made
with insulation

Φ
Magnetic axis
 Another example is of field wdg
of DC machines
For this wdg first former is made
with insulation

Φ
Magnetic axis
 N

Pole
Φ
Magnetic
 Now if the pole is cut, the front view
will be as shown below

Pole
Φ
Magnetic
Φ/2 Φ Φ/2
b) Distributed winding:
The wdg turns are arranged in several FULL- PITCH
or fractional-pitch coils.
The coil are housed in the slots spread around the
air gap periphery to form phase or commutator wdg.
For example
Stator and rotor of Slip Ring Induction machines
The armature of synchronous machines
The armature of DC machines
 Slot
Tooth

Stator core or Stamping

 Slot
Tooth
Air gap

Rotor
Shaft

Stator core or Stamping

 Slot
Tooth
Air gap

Rotor
Shaft

Insulator

Conductors
Stator core or Stamping
 b) Distributed winding:
Armature Winding
is again classified as
a) Closed Winding b) Open Winding
a) Closed Winding means
If one starts from any point on the wdg and traverses it,
one again reaches the same starting point
For example commutator wdg in AC and DC m/cs

Insulation
Conductor Shaft
Commutator
Brush
 b) Distributed winding:
Commutator
Commutator
Armature Wind ing
is again classified as
a) Closed Winding Open Winding
a
b) n the wdg and traverses t,
) Closed Winding means i e starting point
If one starts from any point odg in AC and DC m/cs
one again reaches the sam
ForInsulation
example commutator w Armature Wdg
Conductor Shaft
Commutator Armature Core
Brush
Due to commutation action, wdg is shorted & closed
The open wdg terminates at another point or terminal or
slip rings. For example, star wdg
Slip Rings
R1
Slip
Shaft Rings
B2 R2
Y2
B1
Y1

The delta wdg is a closed wdg, can be made open

by making reconnection in star
But commutator wdg in no case, can be open
circuited.
Some common terms used in wdg are described
below:
1. Turn: One turn consists of TWO conductors, T= Z / 2
Conductor AB and Conductor DE
C Overhang

B D

CORE

A E

Start Finish
terminals
BCD is called as OVERHANG.
This portion is outside the core
1. Turn: One turn consists of TWO conductors
Conductor AB and Conductor DE
C Overhang C C

B D B D B D

A E A E A E

Start Finish
terminals
One coil may
consists of 1
turn ie one turn
2. Coil Sides:
AB and DE are called as Coil Sides of a coil
C Overhang C C

B D B D B D

Coil sides Coil Sides

A E A E A E

Start Finish
terminals
T=CS/2
Conductors
Two turn coil =infour coil sides One coil side = Z/2=T
One coil side
3. Layer Winding:
If one coil side occupies the total SLOT area, then it
is called as Single Layer Winding.

Two coil sides

per slot

If the slot contains even number of coil sides, then the

winding is called as Double Layer Winding.
are numbered ODD
1 3 5 7 Top coil sides
(Top Layer)
Bottom coil sides
(Bottom Layer)
2 4 6 8
Four coil sides per slot are numbered EVEN
3. Layer Winding:
Double layer wdg has one side in the top layer and
other side in the bottom layer.
In the drawing the top coil side is shown by a SOLID
line and bottom coil side is shown by a DOTTED line.

Top coil side Bottom coil side

1 8
3. Layer Winding:
Single layer wdg is used in small machines upto 5kW.
Double layer wdg is used in m/cs above 5kW.
Advantages of double layer wdg over single layer wdg:
1. More economical
2. Easier to house in slots during repair
3. Lower leakage reactance
4. Better performance
5. Better emf waveform in case of generator
6. Fractional slot wdg is possible, (S/P/m ≠ integer)
Closed or DC or commutator wdg is always double layer
Open or AC wdg may be single layer or double layer
Split Coils
For the winding with coil sides more than two,
Top coil sides in one slot but bottom coil sides with two
different slots, are called as SPLIT coils.
This helps the commutation but it is laborious with more
Cost.
1 3 5

8
10 12
4. Pole
Pitch:
4. Pole Pitch: Earth's Magnetic Field

S
N

Earth
Magne
S
Comp

t
N
ass
 4. Pole Pitch:
Pitch indicates a particular method of measurement.
The peripheral distance between two adjacent poles
is called pole pitch.
Pole pitch is always expressed in electrical
degrees.
Pole pitch is also expressed in terms of coil sides and

tee. th.

The flux under pole is

1800
π radians Electrical
 Pole Pitch 1800 electrical
=1800
N Mecha
nical

Pole
Pitch

Two Pole Machine

 Pole Pitch Pole Pitch
Total mech.
angle
N =3600 mech
Pole Pitch

S S

Total elect.
angle
N
=7200 elect

Four Pole Machine E=MP, P=pole pairs

1800 electrical
1800 electrical =450 Mechanical
=1800 Mechanical
Pole Pitch Pole Pole
Pitch Pitch
N N
Pole Pitch

S S

S N

Pole
Two Pole Machine Pitch
Four Pole
Machine
Flux waveform of a Pole
Flat Topped

4 4

Pole
Flux waveform of a Pole
Flat Topped
Sinusoidal
The flux under pole is

2 2 1800
π radians
1 34 43 1
Electrical
N

Pole
Flux path in a
core

Φ
ROTOR

S
STATOR
 2 pole

N
S
 2 pole

N S
 4 Pole

S
 6 Pole
S

N N

S S

N
5. Coil Span or Coil Pitch:
The distance between two coil sides of a coil is called
as coil span or coil pitch.
It is usually measured in terms of teeth, slot or electrical
degrees.
If supply is given to end
N S terminals, the current
Pole direction is as shown in fig.
pitch
Suppose upward direction of
Coil side
Coil side

Coil current produces N pole

Span Then downward direction of
current will produce S pole
If coil span is equal to pole
pitch, then the coil is called as
FULL-Pitched coil
5. Coil Span or Coil Pitch:
If coil span is less than pole pitch, then the coil is called
as Chorded, Short-Pitched or Fractional–Pitch coil
The coil pitch is rarely greater than pole pitch.

N S
N S Pole
Pole
pitch pitch
Coil side
Coil side

Coil Coil
Span Pitch

FULL-Pitched coil Short-Pitched coil

6. Slot Angular Pitch:
The peripheral distance between two adjacent slots,
is called slot angular pitch.
Slot angular pitch is always expressed in elect.
degrees.
Slot angular 180
pitch
0
is given by gamma
electrical

Slots per Pole 12 1 2
If total no of slots = 12, 1 3
Poles = 2,then S/P=6 γ =300 1
10 4
1800
  300 elect
6 9 5
If coil pitch=S/P, then it results 8 7 6
in Full Pitch Winding
If coil pitch < S/P, then it results in Short Pitch Wdg
Distributed winding:
Armature Winding
Closed Winding
If one starts from any point on the wdg and traverses it,
one again reaches the same starting point
Used all types of DC m/cs and AC commutator m/cs
Closed type wdg is always double layer wdg.
Simple closed type wdgs are of two types
1. Simplex Lap Wdg
1. Simplex Wave Wdg
This types depends on the manner of connections to the
commutator segments.
1. Simplex Lap Wdg
1st 2nd 3rd 4th

In race, what is
it called?
LAP

So this is the shape of LAP wdg

1. Simplex Lap Wdg
1st 2nd 3rd 4th

In race, what is
it called?

Bottom coil side

LAP

Top coil side 1 8

So this is the shape of LAP wdg

1. Simplex Lap Wdg

Single Multi-Turn Lap Coil

Coil 1 Movement of lap
Coil 1

Bottom coil side

first to forward

Top coil side

Start 1
Commutator then to backward
1 8
segment
Finish 2

Commutator 1 2 3 4 5
Insulator
Conductor
1. Simplex Lap Wdg Coil 3
Start -3
3 Multi-Turn Lap Coils
Finish -4
Coil 1 Coil 2
Coil 1 Coil 3
Start Commutator
1
segment 2
Commutator Bottom side of
segment 135 8101 coil 1
Finish 2 2 & top side of
coil 2
Commutator 1 2 3
4 5 are
Coil 2 connected
Start -2 Insulator
Conductor
Finish -3
1. Simplex Lap Wdg Coil 3
Start -3
3 Multi-Turn Lap Coils
Finish -4
Coil 1 Coil 2
Coil 1 Coil 3
Start Commutator
1
segment 2
Commutator Bottom side of
segment 135 8101 coil 1
Finish 2 2 & top side of
coil 2
Commutator 1 2 3
4 5 are
Coil 2 connected
Start -2 Insulator
Conductor
Finish -3
2. Simplex Wave Wdg
This movement is similar to wave
2. Simplex Wave Wdg
This movement is similar to wave
2. Simplex Wave Wdg
This movement is similar to wave

TATA
2. Simplex Wave Wdg
This movement is similar to wave
2. Simplex Wave Wdg Movement of
wave wdg
N S N S
is only
Start of coil 1 1800 forward
is bent towards Coil 1 Coil 2
Left wrt lap
wdg
Finish of coil 1 1 10 17 26
is bent towards
right 3600 3600
1 1 21
Commutator 1
Conductor Insulator

Wave wdg - Single turn coil

2. Simplex Wave Wdg Movement of
wave wdg
N S N S
is only
Start of coil 1 1800 forward
is bent towards Coil 1 Coil 2
Left wrt lap
wdg
Finish of coil 1 1 10 17 26
is bent towards
right 3600 3600
1 1 21
Commutator 1
Conductor Insulator

Wave wdg – MULTI-turn coil

2. Simplex Wave Wdg Movement of
wave wdg
N S N S
is only
Start of coil 1 1800 forward
is bent towards Coil 1 Coil 2
Left wrt lap wdg
OK 10 17 26
Finish of coil 1 1
Have U followed?
or
is shall I move like wave?
bent towards
right 3600 3600
1 1 21
Commutator 1
Conductor Insulator

Wave wdg – MULTI-turn coil

7. Back Pitch:
The distance between top and bottom coil sides of one
coil is called back pitch, symbol yb.
It is measured at the back of the armature
First comes TOP side, second comes BOTTOM side
You have to see from bottom to top for measurement
That’s why the name BACK Coil 2
It may be expressed in terms of Coil 1 Coil 3
slots, teeth or coil sides
yb
For lap wdg, for coil 1
yb=8-1=7 135
8101
For coil 2, yb=10-3=7
For coil 3, yb=12-5=7 2

12 345
7. Back Pitch:
The distance between top and bottom coil sides of one
coil is called back pitch, symbol yb.
It is measured at the back of the armature
It may be expressed in terms of slots, teeth or coil sides
For wave N S N S
wdg, for coil 1800
1 Coil 1 Coil 2
yb=10-1=9 yb yb
For coil 2, 1 10 17 26
yb=26-17=9
Thus
AlwaystheODD
back 3600 3600
pitch is 1 1 21
8. Front Pitch:
The distance between two coil sides connected to the
same commutator segment is called front pitch,
symbol yf. Consider lap wdg
Stand on commutator segment, raise your hand and see
towards front side. You will see bottom side of coil 1
and top side of coil 2
Coil 1 Coil 2
For commutator segment 2 Coil 3
yf =8-3=5
yf
For commutator segment 3
yf =10-5=5 135
8101
2

12 345
8. Front Pitch:
Consider wave wdg
For commutator segment 11
yf =17-10=7

Front Pitch yf is N S N S
always ODD 1800
number Coil 1 Coil 2
yf
1 10 17 26

3600 3600
1 1 21
9. Winding Pitch:
The distance between two consecutive and similar top
or bottom coil sides, as the winding progress is called
the winding pitch, symbol yw.
It is expressed in terms of coil-sides.
For lap wdg the consecutive and similar top coil sides
are numbered 1, 3, 5 or Coil 1 Coil 2
similar bottom coil sides are Coil 3
numbered 8, 10, 12 yw yw
Therefore, wdg pitch yw=3-1=2
yw=5-3=2 =10-8=2 =12-10=2; 1 3 5 yb
8101
yf
Therefore, for lap wdg 2
yw= yb - yf 12 345
9. Winding Pitch:
Consider wave wdg
The consecutive and similar top coil sides are numbered
1, 17 or similar bottom coil sides are numbered 10, 26
Therefore, wdg pitch yw=17-1=16
yw=26-10= 16 N S N S
Therefore, for 1800

wave wdg Coil 1 Coil 2

yw
yw= yb + yf yw
1 10 17 26
yb
yf

3600 3600
1 1 21
10. Resultant Pitch:
The distance between the beginning of one coil and
the beginning of the next coil to which it is connected
is called the resultant pitch, symbol yr.
This is the distance between two coil sides.
For lap wdg, yr = 3-1 =2 or 5-3 =2
It is also equal to 10-8=2 or Coil 1 Coil 2
12-10 =2 Coil 3

yr yr

135
8101
2

12 345
10. Resultant Pitch:
The distance between the beginning of one coil and
the beginning of the next coil to which it is connected
is called the resultant pitch, symbol yr.
This is the distance between two coil sides.
For wave wdg, N S N S
yr= 17-1 =16 1800
Coil 1 Coil 2

1 yr 10 17 26

3600 3600
1 1 21
11. Commutator Pitch:
The distance between two commutator segments to
which the two ends of one coil are joined is called the
commutator pitch, symbol yc.
It is always expressed in terms of commutator
For lap wdg, two end of coil 1
segments Coil 1 Coil 2
are joined to segments 2 & 1 Coil 3

therefore, yc=2-1=1
For coil 2, yc=3-2=1
135
8101
2

12 345
yc
11. Commutator Pitch:
Armature wdg may be either Progressive or Retrogressive
Progressive Lap wdg
Coil 1 Coil 2
Coil 3
Forward Movement of coils

Coil 1 is placed first.

Coil 2 is placed to the right slot of coil 1 135
8101
Coil 3 is placed to the right slot of coil 2
2
and so on
12 345
Therefore, yw= yb-yf =(8-1)-(8-3) = +2
yc
yc= 2-1 = +1
11. Commutator Pitch:
Armature wdg may be either Progressive or Retrogressive
Retrogressive Lap wdg Coil 2 Coil 1
Coil 3
Backward Movement of coils
Coil 1 is placed first.
Coil 2 is placed to the left slot -3 -11
of coil 1 46 8
Coil 3 is placed to the left slot of coil 2
and so on
12 345
Therefore, yw= yb-yf =(8-1)-(8-(-1)) = -2
yThus,
c= 3-4y=
w= ±2,
-1 + sign for progressive and

yc= ±1 – sign for retrogressive

11. Commutator Pitch:
The distance between two commutator segments to
which the two ends of one coil are joined is called the
commutator pitch, symbol yc.
It is always expressed in terms of commutator
For wave wdg,
segments N S N S
For coil 1, 1800
yc=11-1=10
Coil 1 Coil 2
For coil 2,
yc=21- 1 10 17 26
11=10

3600 3600
1 yc 1 21
Simplex Lap Winding: Design: Consider, Slots=S=12
Poles=P=2
1 Slot/pole=S/P=6
12 2
Pole Pitch = 6
11 3
N
10 4
S
9 5

8 6
7
Simplex Lap Winding: Design: Consider, Slots=S=12
Poles=P=2
1 Slot/pole=S/P=6
12 ● 2
Pole Pitch = 6
11 3
Slot 1+ 6=Slot 7
N
10 4 ●
N S
S
9 5 Slot No 1 Slot No 7
1 8
8 6
7

12 345
Simplex Lap Winding: Design: Let C be no. of coils

Total no. of coil sides = 2C = S

1
12 ● 2 Back pitch, yb = Pole pitch

11 = 2C / P
3 8-1=7 = Odd no.
N y  P k
b 2C
10 4 ●
N S
S
9 5 Slot No 1 Slot No 7
1 yb 8
8 6
7

12 345
Simplex Lap Winding: Design: k is a an integer or fraction
no. to make yb an odd integer
1
12 ● 2 No of commutator
segments = C
11 1
2 3 N = No. of Coils
3 N
10 ●
4
N S
S
9 5 Slot No 1 Slot No 7
1 yb 8
8 6
7

12 345
Simplex Lap Winding: Design: k is a an integer or fraction
no. to make yb an odd integer
1
12 ● 2 No of commutator
segments = C
11 1
2 3 N = No. of Coils
3 N
10 ●
4
N S
S
9 5 Slot No 1 Slot No 7
1 yb 8
8 6
7

12 345
Simplex Lap Winding: Design: Example
For a commutator machine with 12 coils and 4 poles, design
a Progressive Simplex Lap winding with two coil sides per
slot.
(Write down the wdg table and draw the wdg diagram)
C= 12 and P=4 Slot / pole = 3
Solution
Progressive Simplex Lap winding yw= +2 and yc= +1

No. of commutating segments = No. of coils = 12

Two coil sides per slot i. e., double layer winding. Total coil sides = 24
Total no. of slots, S = 24/2 = 12
2C 212
Back pitch, yb      6 1  7 or 5
k P k 4
Now, yw= yb-yf =+2
 yb  7 & y f  5 or yb  5 & y f 
yb = pole pitch, therefore it is desirable to take the average value
of (yb+yf)/2 = pole pitch

In terms of coil sides, Pole pitch = 2C / P = 24 / 4 = 6

Therefore, yb = 7 and yf = 5
Winding Table
Commutator segment no 1 is connected to coil side no 1 of coil 1
(top) Bottom coil side of coil no 1 is 8, is connected to commutator
segment no. 2., and 8 is connected to coil side 3 (8-5) and so on
yb - yf
(7 14)
1 (1 8) 2 (3 10) 3 (5 12) 4 5
(9 16) (11 18) (13 20) (15 22)
6 7 8 9
(17 24) (19 2) (21 4) (23 6)
10 11 12 1
(1 8)
 yb
1 1 8 - yf
2 3 10
3 5 12
4 7 14
5 9 16
6 11 18
7 20
813 22 ●
15
9 17 24 N S
10 19 2
11 21 4 Slot No 1 Slot No 4
12 23 6 1 8
 yb
1 1 8 - yf
2 3 10
3 5 12 12 1
4 7 14 2
5 9 16 11
6 11 18 12
11 1
3
7 20 10 2
10
813 22 9 3
15
9 17 24
10 19 2 8 4 4
11 21 4 9 7 5
6
12 23 6 5
8
7 6
 yb N
1 1 8 - yf
2 3 10
3 5 12 12 1
S
4 7 14 2
11
5 9 16
12
6 11 18 11 1
10
3
2
7 13 20 10
9 3
8 15 22
9 17 24
8 4 4
10 19 2 9 7 5
6
11 21 4
5
12 23 6 8
7 6 S
3 slots / pole
 1 1
yb N
8 - yf
2 3 10
3 5 12 1
4 7
12
14 S 2
5 9 16 11
6 11 18 12
11 1
3
7 20 10 2
10
813 22 9 3
15
9 17 24
10 19 2 8 4 4
11 21 4 9 7 5
6
12 23 6 5
8
7 6 S

N
 1 1
yb N
8 - yf 1
2 3 10 23 3
3 5 12 12 1
4 7 14 S 24
2 2
4
5 9 16 21 11 5
6 11 18 22 12
11 1 6
3
7 20 10 2
10
813 22
19 20 9 3 8 7
15
9 17 24
10 19 2 8 4 4
11 21 4 9 18 7 5 10
6
12 23 6 17 5 9
16 12
8 14
7 6 S
15 11
13
N
 1
yb N
8 - yf 1
1 10 23 3 a
2 3 12 12 1
43 5 14 S 24
2 2
4
5 7 16 21 11 5
6 9 18 22 12
11 1 6
3
711 13 20 10 2
1 ●
0
20 9 3 8 7
N
8 15 22 S
8 4 4
17No 1 24
9Slot
19 9 18 7 5 10
Slot No 4 6
10 1
19 2
8 16 12 5 9
8 14
11 21 4
7 6 S
15 11
12 23 6 17 13
N
 1 1
yb N
8 - yf 1
2 3 10 23 3 a
3 5 12 12 1
4 7 14 S 24
2 2
4
5 9 16 21 11 5
6 11 18 22 12
1 6 b
11 3
7 20 10 2
10
813 22
19 20 9 3 8 7
15
9 17 24
10 19 2 8 4 4
11 21 4 9 18 7 5 10
6
12 23 6 17 5 9 c
16 12
8 14
7 6 S
15 11
13
N
 1 1
yb
8 - yf
Currents are collected, so put one brush N
1
2 3 10 23 3 a
3 5 12 12 1
4 7 14 S 24
2 2
4
5 9 16 21 11 5
6 11 18 22 12
1 6 b
11 3
7 20 10 2
10
813 22
19 20 9 8 7
15
9 17 24 A 3
10 19 2 8 4
9 4
11 21 4 18 7 5 10
6
12 23 6 17 5 9 c
16 12
7 is cross so current 8 14

should flow from 7 6 S

15 11
the condr to segment d
13
N f e
 yb Currents
- y are flowing away from segment, so putNone brush
1 1 8 f 1
2 3 10 23 3 a
3 5 12 12 1
4 7 14 S 24
2 2
4
5 9 16 21 11 5
6 11 18 i 22 12
1 6 b
11 3
7 20 10 2
10
813 22
19 20 9 8 7
15
9 17 24 A3
10 19 2 h 8 4 4
9 7
B 5 10
11 21 4 18 6
12 23 6 17 5 9 c
16 12
8 14

g 7 6 S
13 is dot so current 15 11
d
should flow from 13
segment the condr N f e
 1 1
yb k
l N
8 - yf 1
2 3 10 a
j 23 3
3 5 12 12 1
4 7 14 S 24
2 2
4
5 9 16 21 11 5
i 12 b
6 11 18 22 11 1 6
D 3
7 20 10 C 2
10
813 22
19 20 9 8 7
15
9 17 24 A3
10 19 2 h 8 4 4
9 7
B 5 10
11 21 4 18 6
12 23 6 17 5 9 c
16 12
8 14
19 is cross so
g 7 6 S
current should 15 11
d
flow from condr 13
to segment N f e
Brushes A & C are k
l N
collecting
current 1
can be connected j 23 3 a
together 12 1
S 24
2 2
Similarly B & D 21 11 4
5
can be 12
i 22 11 1 6 b
connected D 3
together 10 C 2
10
E=+ 19 20 9 E 8 7
Gen F A3
F=– h 8 4 4
9 7
B 5 10
E=– 18 6
Motor
F=+ 17 5 9 c
16 12
For Gen, rotation 8 14
anticlockwise g 7 6 S
15 11
For Motor, d
13
rotation f e
Consider generator operation k
l N
E=+ A&C=+ 1
23 a
F=– B&D=– 1
3
Starts from A S 12
2 2
+ j 21 11 24 4
5
i 12 b
22 11 1 6
A D 3
C 10 C 2
10
d 19 20 9 E 8 7
i A3
F 4
e h 8 4
h B
9 18 7 5 10
6
f g
17 5 9 c
16 12
8 14
B
g 7 6 S
15 11
d
13
N f e
Consider generator operation k
l N
E=+ A&C=+ 1
23 a
F=– B&D=– 1
3
Starts from A S 12
2 2
+ j 21 11 24 4
5
i 12 b
22 11 1 6
A C D 3
10 C 2
10
d c i 19 20 9 E 8 7
j A 3
F 4
h 8 4
e b h k B How many
9 18 7 5 10
f a g l 6 parallel paths?
17 5 9
16 12
8 14 4c = P
B 7
D g S
15 6So afor
=P
lap winding,
13 11
– N f
Simplex Wave Winding: Design: Consider, Slots=S=12
Poles=P=4
1 N Slot/pole=S/P=3
12 2
Pole Pitch = 3
11 3
S
10 4
S
9 5

8 6
7
N
Simplex Wave Winding: Design: Consider, Slots=S=12
Poles=P=4
1 N Slot/pole=S/P=3
12 ● 2
1 ●
3 Pole Pitch = 3
11 3
S
10 26 10 4
N SS N S
9 5
180
17 Coil
● Coi l S
0

8 1 2
1
6 10 17 26
N 7

360 360
y 0 0
Simplex Wave Winding: Design: Consider, Slots=S=12
Poles=P=4
1 N Slot/pole=S/P=3
12 ● 2
1 ●
3 Pole Pitch = 3
11 1 3 No of commutator
2
segments =
S
10 26 10 4 C

S = No. of Coils

9 11 5
17
●
8 6
7
N
Simplex Wave Winding: Design: Consider, Slots=S=12
Poles=P=4
yf2 1 N
12 ● 2 Slot/pole=S/P=3
1 ●
3 Pole
yb1 No of Pitch = 3
commutator
11 1 3
2 segments =
S
C
10 26 yc1 10 4
yc2 For coil= sides
No. of2C
Coils
S For wave wdg,
9 11 5 2yw=2C±2
17 (4/2)yw=2C±2
● yf1
yb2 8 6 (P/2)yw =2C±2
7
N
 winding pitch, yw  2C  2
P
2
Simplex Wave Winding: Design: For wave wdg,
2yc=C±1
yf2 1 N (4/2)yc=C±1
12 ● 2
1 ● (P/2)yc=C±1
11 1
3
3
yb1
2 Commutator pitch
S C 1
yc 
10 26 yc1 4
P
10
yc2 2
S  yw  2yc
9 11 5
17 yf is odd, yb is odd,
● yf1
8 6 yw is even.
yb2 7
N yc must be an integer.
Simplex Wave Winding: Design: Example
Design and draw simplex wave winding with the following
Poles = 4, slots = 11, coil sides per slot = 2, progressive
winding.

Solution: 11
P=4, No of coil sides =22,
No. of commutating segments = No.
No of of coils
coils, C =
=11,
Slots per pole =11/4, Division of slots = 2, 3, 3, 3 = 11=S
For progressive Simplex wave winding, the wdg pitch is

y w  2C  2
P  12  yb  y f 2C 22 6
2 yb  k    7,  y f 
P 4 5
(yb+yf)/2 = pole pitch = 6 4
In terms of coil sides, pole pitch = 2C / P = 22 / 4 = 5.5
For progressive Simplex wave winding, the commutator pitch is
C 1 
yc  P
The winding table is 6
2
yc=6
yb=7
1 8 +yf=5
71 20 20 +5=25-22=3
13
2 3 10
8 15 22
3 5 12
9 2
17 14
4
1019 4
7 16 N S N S
5 9
6 180
11 21 Coi l
0
Coil 2
6 18
11 1
1 8 1 8 13 20
1

360 360
1 yc 0 7 0 2
yc=6
yb=7
1 8 +yf=5
71 20 1
13
2 3
11
10
8 15 22
2
10
3 5 12
9 2 3
17 14 9
4
1019 4
7 16
5 9 4
6
11 21 8
6 18
11
1 8 5
1 7
6
yc=6
yb=7
1 8 +yf=5
71 20 1
13
2 3
11
10
8 15 22
2
10
3 5 12 2 3
9 2 1 4
3
17 14 9 5
11
4
1019 4
7 6
5 9
16 10
4
6 9 7
11 21 8 8
6 18
11
1 8 5
1 7
6
yc=6
yb=7
1 8 +yf=5
71 20 1
13
2 3
11
10
8 15 22
2
10
3 5 12 2 3
9 2 1 4
3
17 14 9 5
11
4
1019 4
7 6
5 9
16 10
4
6 9 7
11 21 8 8
6 18
11
1 8 5
1 7
6
yc=6
yb=7 1
1 8 +yf
71 20 21 3
=5 11 1
13
2 3 10 2
8 15 22 22 4
2
19 10 5
3 5 12 2 3
9 2 20 1 4 6
3
17 14 9 5
11
4
1019 4 17 18 8
6 7
7 16 10
5 9 4
6 9 7
11 21 8 16 8 10
6 18
11
1 8 15 14 12 5
1 7 9
6
13 11
yc=6
yb=7 1
1 8 +yf
71 20 f 21 3
=5 11 1 a
13
2 3 10 2
8 15 22 22 4
2
19 10 5
3 5 12 2 3
9 2 d 20 1 6
A4 3
17 14 c
9 11 5
4
1019 4 17 18 8
6 7
7 16 10
5 9 4
6 9 7
11 21 8 16 8 10
6 18 b
11 e
1 8 15 14 12 5
1 7 9
6
13 11
yc=6 T1
yb=7 h
1 j
1 8 +yf
71 20 f 21 3
=5 11 1 a
13
2 3 10 2
8 15 22 22 4
2
19 10 5
3 5 12 2 3
9 2 d 20 1 6
A4 3
17 14 c
9 11 5
4
1019 4 17 18 8
6 7
7 16 10
5 9 4
6 9 7
11 21 8 16 8 10
6 18 b
11 e
1 1 8 15 14 12 5
7 9
6 is cross so current 6
should flow from
k 13 g
cond to segment
r 11
This T1 terminal is due to non equal distriibution of slots per pole
yc=6 T1
yb=7 h
1 j
1 8 +yf
71 20 f 21 3
=5 11 1 a
13
2 3 10 2
8 15 22 22 4
2
19 10 5
3 5 12 2 3
9 2 d 20 1 6
A4 3
17 14 c
9 11 5
4
1019 4 17 18 8
6 7
7 16 10 B
5 9 4
6 9 7
11 21 8 16 8 10
6 18 b
11 e
1 1 8 15 14 12 5 9
Second brush should be 7
6
connected to 6 or 11
k 13 g
If T1 is connected to 6, 11
then brush will be at 6. i
yc=6 T1
yb=7 h
1 j
1 8 +yf
71 20 f 21 3
=5 11 1 a
13
2 3 10 2
8 15 22 22 4
2
19 10 5
3 5 12 2 3
9 2 d 20 1 6
A4 3
17 14 c
9 11 5
4
1019 4 17 18 B 6
8
7
7 16 10
5 9 4
6 9 7
11 21 8 16 8 10
6 18 b
11 e
1 1 8 15 14 12 5 9
If T1 is connected to 7
6
11, then brush will
k 13 g
be at 11 11
So consider brush at i
 Brush A is collecting T1
h
current At brush B current is 1 j
flowing 21 3
11 1 a
A =away f 2
Gen 2
+ 22 4
19 10 5
B=– 2 3
A=– 20 1 6
Motor d A 4 3
B=+ c
9 11 5
+
17 18 B 6
8
7
10 –
4
9 7
8 16 8 10
b
e
15 14 12 5
7 9
6
k 13 g
11
i
Consider generator operation T1
h
A=+ 1 j
B=– f 21 3
11 1 a
Starts from 2
A 22 4
2
19 10
+ A 2 3
5

d 20 1 6
A4 3
c
e d 9 11
+ 5

c
17 18 B 6
8
7
f 10 –
4
g b 9 7
8 16 8 10
b
a e
h 15 12
7
14 5 9
i k 6
k 13 g
11
B i
–
Consider generator operation T1
h
A=+ 1 j
B=– f 21 3
11 1 a
Starts from 2
A 22 4
2
19 10
+ A 2 3
5

d 20 1 6
A4 3
c
e d 9 11
+ 5

c
17 18 B 6 8
f 10 –
How
7 many
b 9
g 8 16 8 4
parallel paths?
b 7
h a 10
15 14 a e
k 7
i 6 1
k 13 2
=2
B i
– So for wave 5
Multiplex Windings:
In simplex lap winding the parallel paths are equal to P
In simplex wave winding the parallel paths are equal to
2
If parallel paths required are more than P or 2, then Multiplex
wdg is used.
In simplex lap wdg, yc = ±1
In duplex lap wdg, yc = ±2
In triplex lap wdg, yc = ±3

5 12345
1234
yc yc
Multiplex Windings:
In simplex lap winding the parallel paths are equal to P
In simplex wave winding the parallel paths are equal to
2
If parallel paths required are more than 2 or P, then Multiplex
wdg is used.
In simplex lap wdg, yc = ±1
In duplex lap wdg, yc = ±2
In triplex lap wdg, yc = ±3

“plex” then if y“m”

In general, c=±m
12345 12345
denotes
No of parallel paths a = m P yc yc
Multiplex Windings: C
C 1
In duplex wave wdg, yc =
In simplex wave wdg, yc = 2P
P2 2
C3
In triplex wave wdg, yc =
P
2
C
In general, yc =
mP
2

No. of parallel paths a= 2 m

yc d
1 11 13 14
y y
Advantages of wave wdg over lap wdg
1. A wave wdg requires only two brushes,
A lap wdg requires brushes equal to no of poles.
2. A lap wdg requires equalizer rings, for better commutation,
A wave wdg does not require equalizer rings,
3. A lap wdg is costly as compared to wave wdg

Lap wdg is used on Low Voltage Medium Power (50kW to

to 500kW) and High Power (above 500kW)
Wave wdg is used on High Voltage Low Power (less than
50kW) and Medium Power machines.
Open Windings or AC Armature windings
In DC machine, for better commutation, the turns per coil are
limited.
In AC machine without commutator, there is no such restriction.
Single layer and double layer wdgs are used for AC arm wdg.
The coils are connected in several different manners but the
common methods are Lap and Wave.
In polyphase wdgs, it is essential that
1. The generated emfs of all
phases must be equal.
2. The waveforms must be
identical.
3. The frequency must be
equal and
12. Phase band or Phase Belt or Phase group
1 Stator -12 slots, 12 conductors
12 2
Rotor - 2 poles
11 3
N

10 4

S
9 5

8 6
7
12. Phase band or Phase Belt or Phase group
1 Stator -12 slots, 12 conductors
12 2
Rotor - 2 poles
11 E12 E1 3
Condr 1 has max induced emf
E2
N E3 The phasor E1 =Em /√2
E11
10 E4 4 Condr 4 has zero induced emf
E10
E9 E5 Its vertical projection on E1
S is zero ie (Em /√2) cos90
9 E8 E 7 E6 5
But its phasor is equal to Em /√2
8 6
7
12. Phase band or Phase Belt or Phase group
1 The condrs 1, 2, 3 & 4 are connected
12 2 to form R-phase voltage
E1 The condrs 5, 6, 7 & 8 are connected
11 E2 3
E12 to form Y-phase voltage E
E11 N E3 E3 4

E4 E2 VR
10 E10 4
E9 E5 VB
S E1
E8 E6 5
120
0
9 E7 1200
E12
E5
8 6 E11
7 E9
E10
The cond s 9, 10, 11 & 12 are
r E6
connected to form B-phase voltage
E7
Time phase angle is 1200
between VR, VY & VB VY E8
12. Phase band or Phase Belt or Phase group
1 The condrs 1, 2, 3 & 4 in adjacent
12 2 slots area called as Phase -
E1
Band, Phase - Belt or Phase -
11 E12 E2 3 Group
N E3 E4
E11 E3

10 E4 4 E2 VR
E10
E9 E5 VB
S E1
E8 E6 5
120
0
9 E7 1200
E12
E5
8 6 E11
7 E9
E10
E6

E7

VY E8
12. Phase band or Phase Belt or Phase group
1 The condrs 1, 2, 3 & 4 in adjacent
B 12 2 R slots are called as Phase -
E1
Band, Phase - Belt or Phase -
11 E12 E2 3 Group
N E3 E4
E11 E3

10 E4 4 E2 VR
E10
E9 E5 VB
S E1
E8 E6 5
120
0
9 E7 1200
E12
E5
8 6
7 Y E11 E9
E10
Similarly cond s 5, 6, 7 & 8 constitute second Phase–Band. E 6
r

and condrs 9,10, 11 & 12 constitute third Phase–Band.

In general, the phase band may be defined as the group of E7
adjacent slots belonging to one phase under one
pole pair VY E8
13. Phase Spread: The angle subtended by one phase belt is
1 called Phase Spread,
B 12 2 R
symbol sigma σ
11 E12 E1 E2 3 In this case σ = 1200
N E3 E4
E11 E3
E4 E2 VR
10 E10 4
E9 E5 VB
S E1
E8 E6 5
120
0
9 E7 1200
E12
E5
8 6
7 Y E11 E9
E10
E6

If 1 & 2 are connected in series.

E7
Then angle of phase band is 600.
VY E8
6 voltages are obtained (3-4, 5-6,
13. Phase Spread: The angle subtended by one phase belt is
A
F 12 1 called Phase Spread,
B 2 R
symbol sigma σ
11 E12 E1 E2 3 In this case σ = 1200
E11 N E 3
B E 3
E4

E4 E2 VR
10 E10 4
E9 E5 VB
S E1
E8 E6 5
120
0
9 E7 1200
E12
E E5
8 6
CY
7 E11 E9
E10
D E6

If 1 & 2 are connected in series.

E7
Then angle of phase band is 600, so σ =600.
VY E8
6 voltages are obtained (3-4, 5-6, 7-8, and so on)
13. Phase Spread: The angle subtended by one phase belt is
A
F 12 1 called Phase Spread,
2
symbol sigma σ
11 E12 E1 E2 3 In this case σ = 1200
N E3 B
E11
E4 VF E2 VA
10 4
E10
E9 E5 E12
S E1
600 E 3 E4
9 E8 E7 E6 5 E11
VB
E VE 600 E5
8 6
E9
7 C E10 E7
D VC E6
VD E8
If 1 & 2 are connected in series.
Then angle of phase band is 600, so σ = 600.
6 voltages are obtained (3-4, 5-6, 7-8, and so on)
 Draw developed diagram of the wdg.
Slots=12, P=2, Pole pitch
=12/2=6 Slot angular pitch=180/6=300
Coil pitch =pole pitch=6 Phase
spread=600.

Pole 1 Pole 2

1R 2R 3 4 5 6 7R’ 8R’ 9 10 11 12

R1 R2
 Draw developed diagram of the wdg.
Slots=12, P=2, Pole pitch
=12/2=6 Slot angular pitch=180/6=300
Coil pitch =pole pitch=6 Phase
spread=600.

Pole 1 Pole 2

1R 2R 3 4 5 Y 6 Y 7R’ 8R’ 9 10 11Y’ 12Y’

1200

R1 R2 Y1 Y2
Now Y phase
Angle betn R & Y = 1200e
 Draw developed diagram of the wdg.
Slots=12, P=2, Pole pitch
=12/2=6 Slot angular pitch=180/6=300
4 Coil pitch =pole pitch=6 Phase spread=600.
3 3 4

Pole 1 Pole 2

1 R 2 R 3 B’ 4 B’ 5 Y 6 Y 7R’ 8R’ 9 B 10B 11Y’ 12Y’

1200 1200
10 10

B2 R1 R2 Y1 Y2 B1
Now B phase
Angle betn Y & B= 1200e
 Draw time phase diagram of emfs generated

For R phase, VR  E1  E7  E2  E8
For Y phase, VY  E5  E11  E6  E12
3 4 3 4
For B phase, VB  E9  E3  E10  E4

Pole 1 Pole 2

1 R 2 R 3 B’ 4 B’ 5 Y 6 Y 7R’ 8R’ 9 B 10B 11Y’ 12Y’

1200 1200
10 10

B2 R1 R2 Y1 Y2 B1
Now B phase
Angle betn Y & B= 1200e
 Draw time phase diagram of emfs generated

For R phase, VR  E1  E7  E2  E8
For Y phase,VY  E5  E11  E6  E12
For B phase,VB  E9  E3  E10  E4
-E 8 VR
E2

-E7

E1
1200
E5
VB E9 -E11
-E4 -E3
E10
E6

VY -E12
14. Integral Slot Winding:
In AC wdg, slot per pole per phase = q = S/mP
If q is an integer, then the wdg is called as Integral Slot Wdg.
If q is not an integer, then the wdg is called as Fractional Slot
Wdg.
For example, a 3-phase wdg with 36 slots and 4 poles. q = 3
This is an integral slot wdg.
A 3-phase wdg with 30 slots and 4 poles. q = 5/2
This is not an integer. Therefore, this is a fractional slot wdg.
For single layer wdg, No of slots, S = 2C One coil = 2 slots
For double layer wdg, No of slots, S = C
For balanced polyphase wdg , no. of slots should be a multiple
of no. of phases.
Example
slot =24, poles =4, Pole pitch =6, Coil pitch = Pole pitch

Phase spread, σ = 600. Slot angular pitch, γ = 180/6 = 300

Double layer wdg. Draw developed wdg diagram.
Wdg table for phase - R
Slot 1 Top side, 1+6=7 bottom side
Slot 2 Top side, 2+6=8 bottom side, Phase spread,= 600.
Slot 7 Top side, 7+6=13 bottom side
Slot 8 Top side, 8+6=14 bottom side
Slot 13 Top side, 13+6=19 bottom side
Slot 19 Top side, 19+6=1 bottom side Wdg table for phase - B
Slot 14 Top side, 14+6=20 bottomside
Slot 20 Top side, 20+6=2 bottom 9, 21,3
side
Wdg table for phase - Y 15 22,
5, 11 11, 17 17,23 23,5 10, 16 4
15, 21 3, 4, 10
6, 12 12,18 18, 24 24, 6 9
Phase - R
N S N S

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24
Phase - R
N S N S

σ = 600 γ=300

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24

R1
Phase - R
N S N S

σ = 600 γ=300

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24

R1
Phase - R
N S N S

σ = 600 γ=300

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24

R1
 Phase - R
Similarly draw the wdg diagram for Y & B phases
N S N S

1 2
20
19
R R’ R R’
σ = 600 γ=300

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24
19
20
1 2
R2
R1
Example:
slot =12, poles =2, Pole pitch =6, Coil pitch = Pole pitch

Phase spread, σ = 600. Slot angular pitch, γ = 180/6 = 300

Double
Wdg wdg. - RDraw developed wdg & clock
layerphase
table: phase - Y phase - B
diagram. Slot 5, 5+6=11 9, 3
Slot 1, 1+6=7
Slot 2, 2+6=8 Slot 6, 10, 4
Pole Pitch=1800e
6+6=12
R R -B -B Y B B -Y -Y
Y -R -R

1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
R 2 -B 3 4 Y
-B Y -R -R B B -Y
R -Y
300600
1200
Sequence of phase belt:
R – B Y – R B -Y
 Slots 2 2 2 2 2 2
R –B Y –R B -Y

B2 R2 B1 Y2
R1 Y1

Interconnection between phase belts for series connection

Sequence of phase belt:

R – B Y – R B -Y
15. Clock – Diagram Method
The wdg arrangement can also be shown by a Circular diagram.
which is called as Clock- Diagram Method.

12 R 1

1 -Y 2
R
1 -Y -Y R
-Y R R
10 -B 3
B B -B

B -B -B
9 B 4
-R Y
-R -R Y Y
B 5 Y
8
-R Y
7 6
Example:
slot =12, poles =2, Pole pitch =6, Coil pitch = Pole pitch

Phase spread, σ = 1200. Slot angular pitch, γ = 180/6 =

300 Double
Wdg table:layer - RDraw developed
wdg.
phase phase - Y wdg & clock diagram.
phase -B
(5, 11) (6, 12) (9, 3) (10, 4)
(1, 7) (2, 8)
(7, 1) (8, 2) (11, 5) (12,
(3, 9) (4, 10)
Pole Pitch=1800e 6)

R1 R R R Y1 Y Y

Y
B1 B B B
1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11
-Y 5 12
30 -Y2 -B -B -B -B2 -R -R -R -R2 -Y -Y
0

600
1200 R1, Y1, B1 denote START &
Sequence:
RYB R2, Y2, B2 denote FINISH of wdg.
Clock Diagram R

12 1

1 B R 2
1 B -Y -Y R
-Y -Y
3
10 B -B R
-R
-R -B
9 B R 4
-R -B
Y -R -B Y
B 5 Y
8
Y Y
7 6
Example: Slot=36, poles =4,Phase spread, σ=600. Full pitch wdg
Draw clock diagram & series & parallel coil connection diagram

Solution:
γ = 180/9 = 200
Coil pitch = Pole pitch = 9,
σ = 600 = 3 slots
36 1
34 35 2 3
33 4
32 5
31 6
30 7
29 8
28 9
27 10
26 11
25 12
24 13
23 14
22 15
21 20 19 18 17 16
Example: Slot=36, poles =4,Phase spread, σ=600. Full pitch wdg
Draw clock diagram & series & parallel coil connection diagram
Solution: Coil pitch = Pole pitch = 9, γ = 180/9 = 200
R σ = 600 = 3 slots
36 1
34 35 2 3
33 -Y -Y -Y R R R 4
32 -B 5 Y
31 -Y-YR R R -B 6
B BB -Y -B-B -B
30
-R B -B Y 7
29
-R -R -R Y Y 8
Y
28 -R -R Y Y 9
27 Y Y -R -R 10
Y -R -R
26 Y Y -R 1
-B
25 Y -B B B-R 121
-B -Y B
Sequence of24 -B -BR B B 13 B
phase belt: 23 -B R R-Y-Y B 14
15
R – B Y – R B – Y 22 R R R -Y -Y -Y
21 20 19 16
for one pole pair 18 17
Consider phase R.
R & -R forms one coil R –R R –R

series connection

R1 R2 R1 R2

R –R R –R

Parallel connection
R1 R1
R2 R2
16. Integral Slot – Chorded Winding:
In AC wdg, slot per pole per phase = q = S/mP
If q is an integer, then the wdg is called as Integral Slot Wdg.
If coil pitch is less than pole pitch then integral slot wdg is called
as Integral Slot - Chorded
Winding. The advantages of chorded
wdgs are:
1. To reduce the amount of copper required for the end
Connections or overhang and
2. To suppress or reduce certain harmonics in emf and mmf
waveform.
16. Integral Slot – Chorded Winding:
Consider slots=12, pole=2, phase spread=600,
Wdg is chorded by one slot.

In this case, pole pitch=6. Coil pitch= 5/6=1500 e.

Developed wdg diagram phase - Y
Wdg table: phase - R phase - B
(5, 10) (6, (9, 2) (10, 3)
(1, 6) (2, 7)
11)
(7, 12) (8,Pole (3, 8) (4, 9)
1) Pitch=1800e(11, 4)(12, 5)
R1 R -B -B Y1 Y -Y -Y
-R -R B1 B

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
R -B -B2 Y 12
300 Y -R -R2 B B -Y -Y2 R
600

1200 R1, Y1, B1 denote START &

Sequence of phase belt:
R – B Y – R B -Y R2, Y2, B2 denote FINISH of wdg.
Clock Diagram Chorded wdg is obtained
by rotating inner circle by
one slot

12 R 1

1 -Y 2
R
1 -Y -Y R
-Y R R
10 -B 3
B B -B

B -B -B
9 B 4
-R Y
-R -R Y Y
B 5 Y
8
-R Y
7 6
17. Fractional Slot Winding:
If slots pole per phase, q=S/mP is not an integer, then the wdg is
called as Fractional Slot Wdg.
The advantages are
1. This reduces the high frequency harmonics in emf and mmf
waveform.
2. Some unused slots can be used for punching and
tightening the stamping.
3. The wdg allows more freedom in the choice of coil pitch.
For example: S=48, P=10, S/P=4.8
Coil pitch can be 4 or 3
The restrictions are
4. It can be used only with double
layer wdg.
5. The no. of parallel circuits are
17. Fractional Slot Winding:

S/3 Sk  k k, is highest common factor,

q = S/mP  P  Pk  , equal to no of possible parallel
k circuits.
P
Sk
 k ,
This ratio is called as Characteristic Ratio
Sk represents coils per phase distributed among Pk successive
poles.
S k  48 / 16  2   8

For example: S=48, P=10, Pk 310 10 2 5
8 5
 No. of possible parallel ckts is 2.
Coils per phase 8 distributed among 5 poles.
P-1 P-2 P-3 P-4 P-5
C-2 C-1 C-2 C-1 C-2 The same can be repeated
for another 5 poles
Single Layer Winding:
Single layer wdg is used in small machines upto 5kW.
Double layer wdg is used in m/cs above 5kW.
In single layer wdg, one coil side = one slot, so S = 2C
In double layer wdg, S = C
Types of single layer wdg
Lap, Wave, Concentric and Mush
Chorded and fractional slot wdgs are not possible
Concentric Wdg:
The shape of wdg is concentric in nature.
The wdg is sub-divided into
1) Half Coil Wdg or Un-bifurcated Wdg
2) Full Coil Wdg or Bifurcated Wdg
1) Half Coil Wdg or Un-bifurcated Wdg
N S N S
coil group coil group
Phase
Belt
1 2 7 8 13 14 19 20

R1

R2
1. Average coil span is equal to pole pitch, (1,2 & 7,8)
2. Distance between coil sides is different, (1,8 &
2,7)
3. Average coil span may be EVEN.
Example: Design and draw half coil single layer concentric wdg
for a 3-ph machine with 24 slots, 4 poles and 600 phase spread.
Solution: Pole pitch =6, angle of a slot = 300.
Phase spread = 2 slots
Phase –R: 1,2- (+6) 7,8- 13,14- 19,20-
1 23,24- 5
Phase –Y: 5,6- (+6) 11,12- 17,18-
Phase –B: 9,10- (+6) 15,16- 21,22- 3,4- 9
N S
Ncoil group S coil group
Phase
Belt
1 2 7 8 13 14 19 20

R1 R2
2) Full Coil Wdg or Bifurcated Wdg
N coil group S N S

Phase
Belt

R1 R2
1. Direction of current clockwise in one coil gr and anticlockwise
in another gr.
2. Phase belt consists of coil sides of different coil groups
2. Coil pitch may not same for all the coils.
Example: Design and draw full coil single layer concentric wdg
for a 3-ph machine with 24 slots, 4 poles and 600 phase spread.
Solution: Pole pitch =6, γ = 300, σ = 2 slots.
Phase –R: 1, 2- (+6) 8,9- 15,16- 22,23- 5

This is not a proper wdg arrangement. So take pole pitch 5

N S N S
coil group
Phase
9
Belt
1 2 8 15 16 22 23

R1 R2
Example: Design and draw full coil single layer concentric wdg
for a 3-ph machine with 24 slots, 4 poles and 600 phase spread.
Solution: Pole pitch =6, γ = 300, σ = 2 slots.
Phase –R: 1, 2- (+6) 8,9- 15,16- 22,23- 5

This is not a proper wdg arrangement. So take pole pitch 5

Phase
Phase–Y: –R: 5,1,62-(+5)(+5) 7, 8- 17,
11, 12- 13,18-
14- 23,24- 5
19,20- N
1
S N S
Phase –B:coil9,10
group
(+5) 15,16- 21, 22- 3, 4- 9
Phase
8
Belt
1 2 7 13 14 19 20

R1 R2
Mush Winding
Coil pitch is ODD and is same for all the coils
Used for small rating 3-phase IM.
This wdg gives less leakage reactance.
Trapezoidal in shape .
Wdg has one short coil side and one
long coil side.
Short side is bent toward left and long
side is bent toward right.
q must be whole number.
Example: Design and draw single layer mush wdg for a 3-ph IM
with 24 slots, 4 poles and 600 phase spread.
σ = 2 slots.
Solution: Pole pitch =6, so take it 5 or 7 , γ = 300,

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24
Example: Design and draw single layer mush wdg for a 3-ph IM
with 24 slots, 4 poles and 600 phase spread.
σ = 2 slots.
Solution: Pole pitch =6, so take it 5 or 7 , γ = 300,
1
Phase R: 1-6, 7-12, 13-18, 19-24,

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24

R1 R2
Example: Design and draw single layer mush wdg for a 3-ph IM
with 24 slots, 4 poles and 600 phase spread.
σ = 2 slots.
Solution: Pole pitch =6, so take it 5 or 7 , γ = 300,
1
Phase R: 1-6, 7-12, 13-18, 19-24,
5
Phase Y: 5-10, 11-16,17-22, 23-4,

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24

R1 R2 Y2
Example: Design and draw single layer mush wdg for a 3-ph IM
with 24 slots, 4 poles and 600 phase spread.
σ = 2 slots.
Solution: Pole pitch =6, so take it 5 or 7 , γ = 300,
1
Phase R: 1-6, 7-12, 13-18, 19-24,
5
Phase
Phase Y:B: 5-10,
9-14, 11-16,17-22,
15-20, 21-2, 23-4,
3-8, 9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24

R1 R2 Y2
B2 B1
 Flux per Pole
Stator Field wdg on rotor
Field wdg on stator

Axis of Field wdg

N S S N
α=900 α=900

dα dα

α=00 Bpeak α=00

B

2π α = space angle
0 dα π

Bpeak Sinα
 Flux per Pole
The flux density can be expressed as
B = Bpeak Sinα
If l is the axial length of
the armature core, and
r is its radius, then
for elemental angle dα,
the area for flux path is
dα r l
The pole flux for

elemental angle is given 4
by  2B peak l r  B
 Φ  0 Bpeak l r Sin d rP l
dΦ = B r l dα peak
The
The total
total flux
flux per
per pole
pole can also be obtained by
Φ =beAverage
can obtained flux
bydensity under one pole x Area of core for
integrating from α = 0 one pole
 B  2 r l 
to α =avπ P 
 Flux per Pole
2 r
Φ B av (
P
l 2 r 4
2 )  B peak r
B peak (
P lP
l
)
Generation of emf
In rotating machines, emf can be generated in armature wdg by
1. Rotating these windings through a magnetic field
2. Rotating magnetic field w r t these windings
3. Designing magnetic circuit to have variable reluctance
with rotor rotation
Input = Field wdg, output = Armature wdg
Field may on stator or rotor, Armature may be on rotor or
 Generation of emf in a Full Pitched Coil
a

N ωr a S S ωr N
a’ a’
θ = ωrt θ = ωrt

The coil span of aa’ is 1800e .i.e. full pitched coil.

The Speed , Rotational or Motional emf is given by

e = Φ T ωr Sin ωrt = Φ T 2π fSin ωr t = Emax Cos(ωr t- 2

r

Thiseq
) n shows that the emf e lags the flux by 900. Φ

e & flux are sinusoidal

e
Emax = Φ T 2π fr

Emax
The rms value is Erms  2 2 f rT Φ  4.44 f Tr Φ  4.44 f T Φ
B

a’ Ea
a
0 π E
1800 2π

Ea’
B

a a’ 2E
0 π 2π
1800
2E
Emax = Φ T 2π fr

Emax
The rms value is Erms  2 2 f rT Φ  4.44 f Tr Φ  4.44 Φ f T
Generation of emf in a Short Pitched Coil
The coil aa’ is chorded by one slot. a γ /2
The coil pitch is (1800 – γ)
S ωr N
a’
θ = ωrt
B γ /2
a a’
0 π 2π
γ/2 γ/2
The total flux per pole can be obtained by integrating from α = γ/2
to α = π - γ/2   / 2
 
 Φsp  
B peak l r Sin
 2Bpeak l r Cos
2
d
/2 
 Φ Cos 2

B
a a’
0 π 2π
γ/2 γ/2
The total flux per pole can be obtained by integrating from α = γ /2
to α = π - γ/2   / 2
 
 Φsp  
B peak l r Sin
 2Bpeak l r Cos
2
d
/2 
 Φ Cos 2
The flux linkage with this short pitched coil is

 T Φ Cos 2 Cos
As per Faraday’s d
law, emf is e  T Φ  Cos  Sin t
r r
dt
2
 Emax Sinrt
The rms value is

Erms  Emax / 2  2  f r T Φ Cos
2

 4.44 f T Φ Cos 2
It is seen that the effect of short pitched coil is to reduce the
generated emf. The reduction factor is Cos(γ /2) and this is
called
Pitch
as Coil Pitch Factor
Factor , k p Span
or Coil Cos Factor or Pitch Factor, kp.
 2
Ea
Erms  4.44 Φ
E
Second Methodf T k to
p
determine kp:
E Cosγ
a B
Ea’
Ea
a a’
S N 0 π 2π
Ea’ 1800-γ
a’
γ
It is seen that the effect of short pitched coil is to reduce the
generated emf. The reduction factor is Cos(γ /2) and this is
called
Pitch
as Coil Pitch Factor
Factor , k p Span
or Coil Cos Factor or Pitch Factor, kp.
 2
Ea
Erms  4.44 Φ
E
Second Methodf T k to
p
determine kp:
B E Cosγ
-Ea’ Ea’
A B
C Ea
a a’
O 0 π 2π
1800-γ
Ea’

γ
The resultant voltage VR=OB  Ea  Ea'
For the magnitude, consider triangle OAB
OAB  180 
1
OAC  2 OAB  (180   ) /
2ACO 
AOC  ,
 90, 2
The resultant
B voltage VR isgiven
OC 
-Ea’
by OB  
A  OA Cos  AB
C E 2 2
a
Cos

O  2E Cos 2
2E Cos 
Ea’
Pitch Factor ,k p 2  Cos 
2E 2

γ
Thus the Pitch Factor, is defined as the ratio of resultant emf of
a chorded coil to the resultant emf of a full pitched coil.
For Fundamental component, the chorded angle becomes 1 γ.
For nth space harmonics, the chorded angle becomes n γ.
The Pitch factor for nth harmonics is n
k pn  Cos
2
Due to chording, voltage decreases, harmonics
B
-Ea’
also decrease.
A
C Ea Voltage can be increasedby increasing
no. of turns
O

Ea’ 2E Cos 
Pitch Factor ,k p  2E 2  Cos 2
γ
Distribution (or Breadth) Factor, kd
1 Stator -12 slots, 12 conductors
12 2
Rotor - 2 poles
11 3
N

10 4

S
9 5

8 6
7
Distribution (or Breadth) Factor, kd
1 Stator -12 slots, 12 conductors
12 2
Rotor - 2 poles
11 E12 E1 3
Condr 1 has max induced emf
E2
N E3 The phasor E1 =Em /√2
E11
10 E4 4
E10
Condr 4 has zero induced emf
E9 E5 Its vertical projection on E1
S is zero ie (Em /√2) cos90
9 E8 E 7 E6 5
But its phasor is equal to Em /√2
8 6
7

Now draw emf polygon

 1
12 2 E3 E4
E2 E5
11 E1 3
E12 E2
N E3 γ E6
E11 E1
10 E4 4
E10
E9 E5 γ/2 E7
S E12
9 E8 E7 E6 5
E8
8 6
E11 E9
7
E10
Now draw emf polygon This is a closed emf polygon
The angle betn E1 & E2 is γ.
In this case q =2
E1 & E7 form one coil and E2 & E8 form another coil
 E28
E3 E4
E2 E5
E1 E2

E17
E1
γ E6

E7 E8
γ/2 E7
E12
E8
E11 E9
E7 E10
γ E8
This is a closed emf polygon
E1 E2
The angle betn E1 & E2 is γ.
In this case q =2
E1 & E7 form one coil and E2 & E8 form another coil
 E28 c
aoc  2 E3 E4
E5
For a wdg, it is qγ E2
given by b
aoc  q E17 e E1
γ E6
o
Now, aoe   d
For a wdg, it is γ/2 E7
given by E12
a
aoe  q / 2 E8
E11 E9
E10

E17 is a coil voltage = Eab

E28 is another coil voltage= Ebc
Eac is R phase voltage
 E28 c
The phasor sum of E3 E4
R phase emf qγ E2 E5
ac  2ae b
 2 oaSin( q / 2 ) γ E6
E17 e E1
o
d
Arithmetic sum of γ/2 E7
R phase emf E
a 12

E8
ab bc  4ad  4oaSin(  / 2
E11
) E9
E10
 2q  oaSin(
The distribution  / 2k)d is defined as the ratio of phasor sum of
factor,
coil emfs to the arithmetic sum of the coil emfs.
For nth harmonics
2  oaSin (q /
k Sin (q / 2)
kd  2) d  q Sin ( / k dn  Sin (q n / 2)
2q  oaSin ( / q Sin (n /
For a wdg, the phase spread σ = qγ

 d  Sin ( / 2)
k q Sin ( /
2q)
For n harmonics
th

k dn  Sin (n / 2)
q Sin (n /
2q)
Winding Factor, kw
The product of kd and kp is referred to as winding factor, kw.
k w  kd  k p

Therefore, the generated emf (rms) equation for a wdg is

E  4.44Φf T kw

The fundamental emf per phase is

The third harmonic emf per phase is

E ph3  4.44 Φ3 f 3 Tph kw3

 4.44 Φ3 (3 f1 )T ph kw3
The fifth harmonic emf per phase is

Eph5  4.44Φ5 (5 f1 )Tph kw5

In general, for nth harmonic, emf per phase is

Ephn  4.44 Φn (nf1 )Tph kwn

2 2
Eph  E the magnitude
For star connection, E 
of per phase emf
2
Eph5
ph1 ph3
is
For star connection, the magnitude of line emf is
2
3 Line is free from 3rd harmonic
ELINE  2
Eph1  Eph5
For delta connection, the magnitude of line emf is
E E  E 2E 2
ph LINE ph1 ph5
In generated emf equation, why odd harmonics are considered?
Consider fundamental component

a’
a

Now draw 2nd harmonic component

Consider coil aa’
For 1st , it is dot and cross emf=0
For 2nd , it is only dot
Thus even harmonics are cancelled and there is no generation.
The generated emf in Synchronous Generator and Transformer
1.In syn gen, emf is induced due to relative speed
between field flux density wave and armature wdg. (dΦ/dt = 0)
In transformer, emf is induced due to varying flux with
time.
2.In syn gen, the flux is the total flux per pole, Φ, whereas
in transformer flux is of MAX value,Φmax .
3. In syn gen, arm wdg is distributed and so reduction factor,
kw
is appearing in emf equation whereas in transformer wdg is
concentrated, so no reduction factor.
Example: A 3-phase, 6 pole, 1000rpm alternator has an air gap
diameter of 28cm and a core length 23cm. A two layer narrow
spread, σ=600 wdg is employed and wdg is accommodated in 4
slot per pole per phase, with 8 condrs per slot. The coil is short
pitched by one slot.
When the flux density wave covering two pole pitches is
analyzed into space harmonics, the fundamental is found to
have an amplitude (peak value) of 0.87 wb/m2 and 3rd and 5th
harmonics to have amplitude of 0.24wb/m2 & 0.14wb/m2 resply.
a)Estimate the resultant phase & line voltages on no load if
the alternator is i) star connected and ii) delta connected.
b) If the per phase reactance of the alternator at 50Hz is 10Ω,
calculate the circulating current when the m/c is delta
connected.
MMF (Magneto Motive Force) produced by Distribututed
Wdg:
The pattern of magnetic field along the air gap periphery,
produced by a distributed wdg depend on
1. The wdg arrangement.
2. The nature of current and
3. The magnetic circuit configuration, air gap length & slot
opening.
However, the wdg mmf depends on
1. The wdg current.
2. The wdg arrangement and number of turns.
The mmf or flux helps in determination of
1. Generated emf waveform & its magnitude.
2. Electrical torque.
Let us assume that one slot
contains 9 condrs
Current is I and mmf = Ti = Ni
mm
f
In 2nd slot, condrs are I 9i
having same dirn n 6i
3i
of current
In 3rd slot, condrs are t
having opposite hmmf
dirn of current e
9i
Now for simpler analysis,
take total mmf change c
occuring at the center o
of the slot r Fig: Variation of mmf along air gap
e periphery

m
Consider a coil (Full Pitch) a
Now draw developed diagram
At the center of the slot draw mmf N S
Mmf is of rectangular shape with
magnitude of (½)Ni a’
N S N S

Ni
(½)Ni
The Fourier Analysis of rectangular mmf a
wave gives
1. Fundamental component and
2. Higher order harmonic component N S
The fundamental component is given by
4 Ni Sin a’
F  k
1 Sin  F max
α=00
P N S N S
S pole has
N pole has
positive
negative
peak (flux
peak (flux
from rotor
from stator
to stator)
to rotor)
Ni
(½)Ni
α=00
Mmf Space Wave of Single Phase Distributed Wdg 2
Consider 3 Full Pitched coils. 1 3
Draw developed diagram σ
N S
σ

3’ 1’
2’
Mmf Space Wave of Single Phase Distributed Wdg 2
Consider 3 Full Pitched coils. 1 3
Draw developed diagram σ
Draw rectangular shape of N S
mmf at
the center of condrs. σ
Draw resultant mmf
Thus wave
waveform. 1 2 3 1’ 2’ 3’ 1’
shape is 2’
changed from

rectangular 11’
to stepped. 22’ 33’
Draw
sinusoidal
waveform.
If Current Sheet is square, mmf 2
wave is rectangular. Current 1 3
Sheet
σ
N S
σ

3’ 1’
2’
If Current Sheet is square, mmf 2
wave is rectangular. Current 1 3
If Current Sheet is Rectangular, Sheet
σ
mmf wave is stepped or
trapezoidal. N S
σ

3’ 1’
2’
If Current Sheet is square, mmf 2
wave is rectangular. Current 1 3
If Current Sheet is Rectangular, Sheet
σ
mmf wave is stepped or
trapezoidal. N S
If Current Sheet is sinusoidal, σ
mmf wave is soinusoidal.
3’ 1’
2’

Thus sinusoidal mmf

waveform is obtained.
So Flux is sinusoidal and
emf is sonusoidal.