INTRODUCTION

• Botanical Name: Mangifera indica

• Family: Anacardiaceae
• Centre of origin: South East Asia (Indo-Burma region)
• Chromosome no: 2n=40
• Good source of sugars, Vitamin A(4800 IU)
• The name Mangifera indica is given by Linnaeus in 1753.
• King of fruits ,National fruit of India, Pride fruit of India.

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• The Mangifera indica germplasm is divided into 2
groups.
[Link] races-Commercial types
[Link] races
• Seedling races: Wild and cultivated types, which are most
common in Tropical Asia and almost all commercial
cultivars of mango are from this type.
• Horticultural races:
 These are vegetatively propagating types.
 These include both Mono and Polyembryonic types.
Monoembryonic types are predominant in India,South
America, Africa and Florida.
 Polyembryonic types are predominant in North India.
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 Germplasm resources

• India is home for Mango diversity where more than 1000

varieties are existing, which are widely distributed over
agro – ecological regions of India.
• CISH (Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture ),Lucknow has
largest collection of mango (633 accessions ).
• IIHR
• IARI
• Sabour (Bihar)
• FRS-Sangareddy
• FRS-Vengurla
• RRS-Ananthrajpet
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 Breeding problems in Mango
• Long juvenility and perennial nature
• Long generation cycle (Seed-seed)
• Complex nature of flower (Andromonoecious)
• High heterozygosity
• Single seed per fruit
• Recalcitrant seeds
• Polyembryony
• Self incompatibility-Bombay green, Langra, Dhashehari, Chausa
• Large area requirement for assessment of hybrids
• Heavy flower and fruit drop
• Lack of knowledge about inheritance pattern
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 Breeding objectives
• Dwarf tree growth habit
• Precocity and regularity in bearing
• Attractive, good sized and quality fruits
• High productivity
• Resistant to pest ,disease and physiological
disorders.
• Good transport and processing qualities

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 Inheritance pattern in mango
• Polyembryony is dominant over monoembryony
• Upright growth habit is dominant over spreading
habit
• Spreading habit is dominant over dwarfness
• Biennial bearing is dominant over regular bearing
• Red color of fruit dominant over green color fruit
• Bunch bearing is dominant over single bearing

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 FLORAL BIOLOGY

• Inflorescence called panicle bears terminally.

• Both male and hermaphrodite panicle in the same
inflorescence-Andromonoceious
• Number of inflorescence in each panicle is 1000-
6000 depending upon the variety.

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 BUD DIFFERENTIATION FLOWERING

[Link] PLACE DIFFERENTIATI0N • Flower buds in mango start

TIME
emerging into rudimentary
panicles
1 North India Sept – Oct
• The flowering duration is
2 South India Dec – Jan usually of short i.e. 20-25
days
• Panicle development is
Flowers are small -from 5 to 10 mm continuous process (Feb to
in diameter.
March in North India)
It consists of 5 petals and sepals that
are ovate ovoid to lanceolate.
Three to five cream coloured petals
typically change colour before falling.
Petals can be white, red, pink, or
yellow depending on time since
anthesis.
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 Hermaphrodite flower of Male flower of
mango Mango

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Anthesis and Dehiscence Pollen viability

• Early morning to forenoon • Pollen remains viable for

(Peak anthesis at 9-10 am and 10-20 days at room

complete within 11.a.m) temperature

• Dehiscence of anthers takes • Pollen viability is very

high at the time of
place at 11.30 a.m. and it
dehiscence (>90%)
continues up to 3.45 p.m.
• Pollen grains takes one
• The pollen grains are oval, or
and half hour to germinate
triangular or oblong.
on stigma
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 Stigma receptivity

• Receptive up to 72 hours after anthesis

• Best receptivity first day of opening
• Stigma becomes receptive one day prior to
anthesis
• Maximum pollen germination on stigma was
observed when pollination was done between
10 am to 12 noon on the day anthesis

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 Sex distribution
• Inflorescence varies from 15 to 60 cm length
• Varies from cultivar, location and year to year
• Temperature affects sex ratio
Percent of perfect flowers

Sl .no Cultivar Perfect flower (%)

1 Langra 77.9
2 Dashehari 68.8
3 Neelam 16.41 – 55.70

4 Chausa 42.9

5 Rumani 0.74/0.68

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 Specific features Species
Mango species easily peeled like Mangifera pajang
banana
Free stone mango species M. similis

Completely free from fiber M. magnifica

Off season bearing habit M. rufocostat,M. swintonoides

Fruit twice a year yielding species M. Indica var. mekongensis

Resistant to anthracnose M. laurina

Resistant to leaf hoppers M. altissima

Highest TSS (21.7 Brix) M. odorata

Purple or black colour fruits bearing M. casturi

sp.
Rootstock for waterlogged condition M. decandra, M. inocarpoides

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 Breeding methods
1. Introduction

 For incorporation of good colour to boost export quality of

India cultivars.

 Tommy atkins, Zilete, Haden, Senation, Julie – Florida, USA

 Amolie from Belgium

 Sweet from Thailand

 Eldon from Brazil

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 Tommy atkins

• Tommy Atkins is another Haden

seedling selected in Florida. It
is resistant to anthracnose.

• It is an early season variety and

the fruit ripens from June to
July.
• Flesh is firm, juicy, medium
fibre content, fair to good quality.
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 Haden

• Haden is the first superior

mango cultivar from Florida.
• The tree is vigorous type with
an open rounded canopy.
• The fruit ripens from June to
July. It is susceptible to
anthracnose and it has
alternate bearing habit.

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 Irwin
Irwin is a fiberless Florida cultivar
renowned for its consistent and heavy
production.
The flesh is sweet, melting, aromatic
and of good eating quality.

The skin is a showy, deep crimson to

garnet in color. Fruits ripen from June to
early July.

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 [Link]
• Almost all the present commercial verities of mango
in the world were developed from open pollinated
seedling selection
Example:
Dashehari .
Langra
Rataual.
Haden – seedling of Mulgoa

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 Seedling selection
Sl Developed Variety Parents Features
no at
1 BAU, Menaka Gulab Khas Regular bearing
Sabour Subhash Zardalu
2 Maharastra Niranjan Himayatbagh Regular, Off-season bearing variety
3 IGKV, Chhatishgarh Local seedling Alternate bearer; Mid-maturity
Raipur Nandiraj
4 Manipur MDCH-1 & STH- Dwarf, Precocious, polyembryonic
1
Safadar Two crops per year
Amravati Amba-1 Green yellow fruits with Sinduri
patches
TSAN-6 Red peeled fruit with green patches
5 Sirsi Varate Giduga Making Ice-cream
Jeeriage Midi, Aroma like Cumin
Kari Jeeriage
Karpura Appe Aroma of Camphor
 Sl Develope Variety Parents Features
no d at
7 Miami Eldon Haden By W.B Eldon
8 Paria Vanlaxmi Regular bearer; Big size fruit
9 BCKV, BCM 17, BCM Regular bearer, Good fruit
WB 18, BCM 19, quality, better shelf life
BCM 20
10 Israel 13-1 Salt tolerant root stock
Naomi Palmer
Tongo Naomi Attractive peel and fruit quality
11 India Kurukkan Salt tolerant

Chance Seedlings:
• Mango Was Previously Propagated Through Seeds And Hence The Old
Orchards In India Were Mostly Of Seedling Origin.
• Some Seedling Progenies Gave Rise To Varieties Such As
'Chinnaswarnarekha' And 'Mundappa'. The Popular, Salt Tolerant Rootstock
(13-1) Was Identified In Israel By This Technique.
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 [Link] selection
Sn
Developed at Variety Parents Features
1 RFRS, Alphonso Alphonso Highly productive, large fruit,
Vengrula Clone 900 early maturing, processing
quality
Palghar-1 Alphonso Polyembryonic clone
2 CISH, Dashehari- 51 Dashehari Regular bearing
Lucknow
3 CHES, Arka Gulab Khas Early maturity
Bhuwaneshwa Neelachal
r Kesari
4 GBPUA&T Pant Sinduri, Dashehari Pink colour on shoulder
Pant Chandra Remains green on maturity
5 Goa Mankurad Mankurad Excellent quality; better shelf
Aldona life
6 Tamil Nadu Paiyur-1 Neelum

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Sl. Developed at Variety Parents
No.
7 Sabour Subash Zaradalu

8 Parabhani Niranjan Parabhani

local
9 IIRI Pusa surya Eldon

10 IIHR MA-1 (Mukund Aphanso-1) Alphanso

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 [Link]
• In 1911, Burns and prayag has initiated Hybridization work
in mango in pune.
• Later , hybridization work start at Research station Sabour
and Kodur during early 40’s.
• Sabour has released two hybrids Mahamud bahar and Prabha
shankar from parental combination of Bombai X kalapady.
• Later, research work started in sharanpur (UP) in 1950
• Later on several hybrids are released from IARI, IIHR,
CISH, FRS Sangareddy, FRS Periyakulam, AES Peria,
FRS Vengrula
Techniques
1. Controlled open pollination-Caging technique
2. Controlled closed pollination-Hand pollination
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Caging technique:
• Given by (Sharma and Singh, 1970, Singh et al.,
1962)-IARI
• Usefu only when self incompatibility variety ( Dashehari,
Langra,Chausa and Bombay Green) is used as one of the
parent
• It involves planting (2 rows) of grafted plants of the
self incompatible varieties along with those of
male/female parents enclosed in an insect proof cage
and allowing pollination by freshly rared house flies
and thus doing away with the tedious hand
pollination.
-Mallika (Neelum x Dashehari) and Amrapalli (Dashehari x
Neelum)
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01/20/2024 25
 Hand pollination

(a) Mango panicle suitable for

crossing with between 5 and 20
open flowers and buds ready to
open within 24 hours.
a) b) (b) (B) Pale tulip shaped flower
bud ready to open in the next
24 hours.

a) Preparation of panicle the day

before pollination by the
removal of all open flowers.
b) (b) subsequent bagging to
exclude pollinators with tightly a) b)
woven cloth bags.
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 (a) Freshly opened flower, prior to
dehiscence of the anther .
(b) collection of pollen flowers for
hybridisation . Pollen donor
flowers should be collected at this
stage of development in the early
a) b) morning.

(a) Removal of flower buds not

selected for crossing with
tweezers prior to pollination.
(b) Panicle prepared for
pollination. Only the flowers
to be pollinated are retained,
all other flowers are a) b)
removed from the panicle.
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(a)Emasculation of hermaphrodite
flowers prior to pollination by
removing the anthers from the
filaments with a fine pair of
tweezers, and
(b) Transfer of pollen from by a)
gently touching the dehisced
b)
anther on the male flower on to
the stigma of the female flower.
• Encapsulation of female
flowers after pollination to
exclude foreign pollen and
retain humidity around the
flower for pollen
germination.
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 Improved hybridization technique
• Single day pollination of limited number of flowers in a
panicle is the ideal practice.

• The main emphasis was given on utilizing large number of

panicles and crossing whatever few flowers opened on the
panicle during that single day.

• Bagging with perforated polythene bags of 24" x 12"size of

100 gauge was preferred.

• Crossing of a few flowers in a given panicle at one time is

advocated than taking up crossing in more number of flowers in
a given panicle in batches over a number of days.
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 Hybrids of mango released in India
Hybrid Parents Institute Salient features
Ala Fazli Alphonso x Fazli Fruit Research Regular bearer. Fruits medium to big in size. Thin skinned fruits
Station, Sabour, with fibreless, sweet pulp. Free from malformation and fruitfly
Bihar incidence.

Amrapali Dashehari x Neelum IARI, New Delhi Dwarf, regular bearer, late maturity. Suitable for high density
planting. Good fruit quality.
(1979)
Arka Anmol Alphonso x Indian Institute of Regular and medium yilder. Fruits medium sized, uniform
Janardhan Prasad Horticultural yellow skin colour, flesh firm, fibreless, good flavour with
Research, Bangalore excellent keeping quality. Free from spongy tissue.

Arka Aruna Banganapalli x Indian Institute of Precocious and regular bearer. Later season variety. Trees
Alphonso Horticultural dwarf. Large fruits weighing 500-700 g with smooth skin, firm
Research, Bangalore flesh, fibreless and suitable for processing

Arka Alphonso x Neelum Indian Institute of Regular bearer. Medium sized fruits with attractive red blushed
Neelkiran Horticultural skin on ripening. Fibreless, good quality flesh. Free from
Research, Bangalore spongy tissue.

Arka Puneet Alphonso x Indian Institute of Heavy yielder, regular bearer. Medium sized fruits with
Banganapalli Horticultural attractive skin colour and red blush, free from spongy tissue and
Research, Bangalore suitable for canning.
30
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AU Rumani Rumani x Fruit Research Medium to large sized fruits. Prolific and regular
Neelum Station, bearer. Fruit shape similar to Rumani. Pulps is
Sangareddy very juicy, sweet, fibreless with excellent flavour.

CISH-M-2 Dashehari x Central Institute Yellow coloured promising hybrid, fruits are
Chausa for Subtropical medium sized, oblong in shape, smooth skinned,
Horticulture, flesh firm, dark yellow and very sweet.
Lucknow
H.151 Kalepady x District Agrl. Mid season variety giving heavy yields. Fruits
Neelum Farm, Kannur, resemble Himayuddin and with firm, very sweet,
Kerala fibreless flesh.
H.45 Bennet Alphonso District Agrl. Small-fruited variety. Regular and mid season
x Himayuddin Farm, Kannur, bearer. Fruit quality good.
Kerala
H.45 Bennet Alphonso District Agrl. Mid season variety giving heavy yields. Fruits
x Himayuddin Farm, Kannur, resemble Himayuddin and with firm, very sweet,
Kerala fibreless flesh.
H.87 Kalepady x District Agrl. Heavy yielder. Fruits shaped as Kalepady with
Allumpur Farm, Kannur, distinct beak. Fruit quality is excellent.
Baneshan Kerala

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Jawahar Gulabkhas x Fruit Research Semi dwarf trees. Precocious and regular
Mahmudbahar Station, Sabour, bearer. Mid season. Medium sized fruits
Bihar with 80% pulp
Konkan Ruchi Neelum x Regional Fruit Regular bearer. Heavy yilder. Large fruits
Alphonso Research suitable for pickling
Station,
Vengurla
Mallika Neelum x IARI, New Regular bearer. Large fruits of oblong
Dashehari Delhi elliptical shape and cadmium yellow
coloured. Fruit quality good.
Manjeera Rumani x Fruit Research Dwarf, regular and prolific bearer. Fruits
Neelum Station, are roundish with firm and fibreless flesh.
Sangareddy
Neeleshan Neelum x Fruit Research Heavy bearer. Fruits weigh about 300 g
Baneshan Station, Kodour, with thick skin. Flesh is firm, very sweet,
Andhra Pradesh fibreless with pleasant flavour. Suitable
for canning.
Neeleshwari Neelum x Fruit Research Dwarf trees. Big fruits with elongated
Dashehari Station, Pariya, shape. Fruit quality good with yellow,
Gujarat sweet and pleasantly flavored pulp.

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Neelgoa Neelum x Year Fruit Research Regular and heavy yielder. Medium sized
Mulgoa Station, Kodour, fruits with smooth skin, firm flesh, melting
Andhra Pradesh texture, fibreless and very sweet with
attractive flavour.
Neelphanso Neelum x Fruit Research Moderately regular bearer. Late season.
Alphonso Station, Pariya, Medium sized fruits with firm, non
Gujarat fibrous, good quality flesh.
Neeludin Neelum x Fruit Research Regular bearer. Fruits are medium sized
Himayuddin Station, Kodour, weighing about 200 g and intermediate in
Andhra Pradesh shape between parents. Skin is smooth
and flesh is firm, juicy, fibreless and very
sweet.
PKM-1 China Tamil Nadu Regular bearer. Fruits medium sized, long
Suvarnarekha Agril. shaped, medium quality and produced in
x Neelum University, clusters
Periyakulam
PKM-2 Neelum x Tamil Nadu Large sized fruits. Good fruit quality.
Mulgoa Agril.
University,
Periyakulam

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Pusa Arunima Amrapali x IARI, New Released in 2002. semi vigorous trees.
Sensation Delhi Regular bearing with medium sized
fruits, attractive red peel, mild flavour,
and very good shelf life.

Ratna Neelum x Konkan Krishi Precocious, moderately vigorous trees.

Alphonso Vidhya Peeth, Regular bearer. Medium sized fruits,
Dapoli, excellent quality, pleasant flavour and
Maharashtra attractive colour. Free from spongy
tissue
Safari Gulabkhas x Fruit Research Medium sized fruits with red blush at
Bombai Station, base and good pulp content
Sabour, Bihar

Prabha Bombay x Fruit Research Regular bearer. Late season variety.

Sankar Kalapadi Station, Pulp is very sweet with fine fibers
Sabour, Bihar

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Sai Sugandh Totapuri x Mahatma Phule Precocious and regular bearer. Fruits
Kesar Krishi Vidya oblong, large with high pulp content, good
Peeth, Rahuri flavour and medium sweetness.

Sindhu Ratna x Konkan Krishi Regular bearer with medium sized fruits
Alphonso Vidhya peeth, with appealing colour and good quality.
Dapoli, High pulp to stone ration, the stone very
Maharashtra thin and small and the variety is
practically seedless.
Sunder Langra Langra x Bihar Regular and moderate bearer. Big fruits
Sunder Prasad Agricultural resembling Langra. Fruits smooth
College, Sabour skinned, lime green in colour. Pulp is
yellow, firm, sweet and mildly flavoured.
Free from malformation.
Swarna Suvarnarekha Fruit Research Medium sized fruits resembling Jahangir.
Jehangir x Jehangir Station, Flesh is moderately firm, fibreless,
Anathrajupet, abundantly juicy, and very sweet with
A.P. pleasant flavour.

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 Mutation Breeding

• Naturally occurring useful mutants like

1. Rosica -Peruvian variety ‘Rasado de lca’.
2. Davis Haden -Haden.
• No induced mutant is known to have been
released.

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 Polyploidy Breeding

Much scope exists for polyploidy breeding.

till date there is no report on this line.

Vellaicolumban cultivar of mango is

tetraploid in nature (2n = 4x = 80) which is
a polyembryonic type.

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 POLYEMBRYONIC VARAITIES

In mango certain cultivars are reported to be polyembryonic with

the number of embryos ranging from 2 to 10 and the germination
per cent from 40 to 87.

Examples : Vellaikulamban, Chandrakaran, Nekkare.

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01/20/2024 39
 Heterosis

• Iyer and Subramanyam (1984) observed large fruits in

some progenies of Alphonso x Banganapalli.
• Transgressive segregation for this character was also
observed.
• The population with bigger fruits was large among
hybrid progenies obtained with Banganapalli as one of
the parents.
• This effect may be due to an accumulation of dominant
allele each having additive effects and masking the
effect of deleterious recessive allele.
01/20/2024 40
Alphanso
•Superior variety of India being
exported.
•Cultivated mainly in Ratnagiri
district of Maharashtra, Gujarat and
Karnataka.
•Fruits are medium sized (250 g) and
ovate oblique in shape.
•Keeping quality is good.
01/20/2024 41
 Banganpalli
• Commercial cultivar of Andhra
Pradesh and also grown in Tamil
Nadu, Karnataka
• Early season variety of South India,
medium sized (350 to 400g).
• Good keeping and canning quality
• Heavy yielder

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 Bangalora
( Totapuri, Collector, Chapatai, Sundersha, Kallamai )

• Appreciably a regular bearer

• Heavy yielder and mid
season variety
• Fruit quality is medium
• Potential source for
beverages because of high
recovery % and stable flavour

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 Bombay Green
(Malda Nagan in UP, Sheroli in Delhi)

•Earliest among the commercial

cultivars in North India
•Serves as a good blend for mango
nectar
•Good polliniser for Dashehari

•Susceptible to vegetative and floral

malformation
•Exhibits biennial bearing habit.
01/20/2024 44
 Chausa
(Summer bahisht chausa)

• Wider Adaptability
• Late maturing variety.
• large size attractive fruit with
sweet taste.
• Poor fruiting and unpredictable
bearing particularly at young stage
• Biennial in habit.
• High incidence of malformation

45
01/20/2024
 Dashehari

 Choicest fruit of North India

 Excellent fruit quality
 Commercial bearing from 4th
year
Biennial in habit
Highly susceptible to
malformation

01/20/2024 46
 Fazli
• Prominent cultivar of West Bengal and Bihar
• Excellent taste and quality
• Heavy Yielder and regular bearer
• Fruits of appreciable size with late maturity
• Large fruits with firm to soft flesh

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Gulab Khas
 Commercial variety of Bihar.
 Regular and heavy bearer.
 Mid season variety with small to medium sized fruits
 Amber-yellow reddish colour and rosy flavor.

Himsagar

 Choicest variety of West Bengal.

 Regular bearer with medium sized fruits
 Early maturity
 Pulp with yellow colour and pleasant flavor
01/20/2024 48
Jahangir

Common variety of Andhra Pradesh.

Large fruits with pleasant flavour.
Fruit quality is excellent.
Irregular and shy bearer.

Kalepady

Popular in Kerala.
Fruits are small to medium sized with firm, fibreless flesh.
Regular bearer.
Trees are less vigorous.

01/20/2024 49
 Kesar
• Leading cultivar of Gujarat
• Excellent acid sugar blend ratio
• Biennial in bearing
• Good processing quality

Kishenbhog
• Variety of West Bengal.
• Turpentine flavoured.

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Langra
• State : Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh,
Orissa, West Bengal and Punjab.
• Highest no. of perfect flower (68.9 %).
• Alternate bearing variety and mostly used for table purpose.
Mankurad
 Cultivated in Goa, Maharashtra and Karnataka.
 Mid season variety with medium sized, yellow fleshed
fruits of good quality.

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Mulgoa
• State : Tamil Nadu, Kerala & Karnataka.
• Late variety of South India and poor yielder
• Good keeping quality.
Neelum
State : Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Orissa.
High yielding late season variety of South India, regular bearer
Ideal variety for transporting to distant places.
 This variety is mostly used for table purpose.

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Pairi
 Common in Goa and Maharashtra and popular in Karnataka
 Early maturing variety
 Heavy and regular bearing habit.
 Fruits are medium sized with good quality, fibreless.
 Poor keeping quality

Rajapuri
 Commercial cultivar of Gujarat.
 Medium sized fruits of good quality.
 Regular bearer with heavy yields.

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Suvarnarekha
(Sundari, Lal sundari, and Chinna Suvarnarekha)
State : Andhra Pradesh and Orissa.
 Green in colour with prominent

red blush on the shoulders

Zardalu : Indigenous to Bihar

Fruit quality is good.
Irregular bearing habit.

01/20/2024 54
Vanraj

 Highly prized variety of Gujarat.

 Fruits are medium to big sized (300g).
 Mid season variety
 Good keeping quality

Rumani

 Apple shaped variety

 Extensively grown in Tamil Nadu.

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01/20/2024 56
01/20/2024 57
 IIHR Hybrids

ARKA ANMOL ARKA ARUNA ARKA PUNEETHA

(Alphonso X Janardhan (Banganpalli X Alphonso) (Alphonso X Banganpalli)
pasand) Average Fruit Weight: Average Fruit Weight:
Average Fruit Weight: 350g 500g 283.70g
Pulp Content: 78.28% Pulp Content: 83.06% Pulp Content: 72.12%
TSS (0B):18.60 TSS (0B):21 TSS (0B):21.10

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 IIHR Hybrids

ARKA UDAYA
(Amrapali X Arka Anmol)
Average Fruit Weight: 237g
Pulp Content: 70%
TSS (0B):24.00
New release

ARKA NEELKIRAN
(Alphonso X Neelum)
Average Fruit Weight 270-280g
Pulp Content: 75.05%
TSS (0B):18.30

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 IARI HYBRIDS
Mallika (Neelum x Dashehari) (1971)
First mango hybrid released for commercial cultivation after planned hybridization.
Regular, semi-dwarf, suited for processing

01/20/2024 60
 Amrapali (Dashehari x Neelum) (1979)

• Distinctly dwarf
• Suitable for high density
plantation (2.5 m x 2.5 m)
• Late maturing
• Plentiful (74.8%) fibreless pulp
• High TSS (22.8° Brix)
• High carotenoid content
(16,830 µg/ 100 g of pulp)

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 Pusa Arunima (Amrapali x Sensation(2002)

•Semi-vigorous
•Regular bearer
•Red coloured medium sized fruits (250 g)
•Moderate total soluble solids (19.5%)
•10-12 days shelf-life
•Suitable for export
01/20/2024 62
 Pusa Pratibha (Amrapali x Sensation)

•Regular and semi-

vigorous
•Red peel colour
•High pulp content
(70.7%)
•7 to 8 days shelf-life
•Suitable for export

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 Pusa Peetamber (2001)
(Amrapali x Lal Sundari)

• Semi-vigorous
• Regular
• Attractive oblong
yellow fruits
• High pulp (73.4%)
• 5 to 6 days shelf-life

01/20/2024 64
 Pusa Lalima (Dashehari x Sensation) (2011)

•Regular
•Attractive fruit shape
•Bright red peel colour
•6-7 days shelf-life
•Early than Dashehari
in north India

01/20/2024 65
 Pusa Shreshth
(Amrapali x Sensation)
(2011)

• Regular
• Semi-vigorous
• Red elongated fruits
• 71 per cent pulp
• 7 to 8 days shelf-life

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 FRS Vengurla Hybrids

Ratna (1981) Sindhu (1992) Suvarna (2009)

Neelum X Alphonso Ratna X Alphonso Alphonso X Neelum,

cluster bearing habits best for pickle purpose , high percentage of

hermaphrodite flowers in
panicle

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 FRS Vengurla Varieties

Konkan Samrat (2014)

Konkan Raja (2010)
This is second hybrid having
Alphonso as female parent and
first hybrid of exotic parent.

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 Neelphonso (Neelum X Alphonso)
Moderate to regular bearer. This hybrid has the
great potential source of off season mango
fruits are free from spongy tissue disorder and
moderately resistant to fruit fly. TSS is more than
21.5%

AES Paria
Neeleshwari (Neelum X Dashehari)
Dwarf trees
Skin colour is apricot yellow non fibrous juicy pulp
suitable for table as well as juice purpose

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 Neelshan (Neelam X Baneshan)
Fruits are free from spongy tissue disorder.
Average weight of the fruit is 318g with Higher pulp
content of 76%
TSS is 16-17% with moderate acidity.

AES Paria
Sonpari (Alphonso x Baneshan)
Heavy yielder and regular in bearing.
Fruits are obliquely oval in shape like Baneshan, big
in size 360–550g.
The pulp is firm & fibreless, attractive golden yellow
in colour with average pulp content of 75-77%.
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 Ambika
• A cross between Amrapali and
Janardhan pasand
• Weighs 300-350 g and TSS is 21 B
• Yield 80 kg/plant
• Export potential
CISH Hybrids
Arunika
• A cross between Amrapali and Vanraj
• Weighs 190-210 g and TSS is 24 B
• Yield 80 kg/plant
• Export potential

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 ICAR-IIHR developed new mango hybrid, Arka
Suprabhath (H-14)

• New double cross hybrid

between Amrapali(Dashehari x Neelam)
x Arka Anmol (Alphonso x Janardhan
Pasand).
• yield: (35-40 kg/plant after 4 years of
planting),
• fruit weight :240-250g,
• fruit shape is like Alphonso

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• pulp colour of Amrapali,
deep orange firm pulp
• pulp recovery (>70%),
• TSS(>22°B)
• Shelf life of 8-10 days
at room temperature.

Arka suprabhat

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 ROOTSTOCKS
• Polyembryonic rootstocks- Mylepalium, Goa, Kurrukkan, Olour,
Chandrakaran, Bellary and Bappakkai.

• Exotic Polyembryonic cultivars- Cambodiana, Carabao, Cecile,

Higgins, Peach, Apricot, Turpentine, Pico, Sabre, Simmonds and
Strawberry.

• Clonal rootstocks- Totapuri and Olour

• Olour-Dwarfing rootstock for Himsagar and Langra.
• Vellaikolamban- for Alphanso.
• Muvandan -polyembryonic and vigorous rootstock.
• Kurukkan and Nileshwar Dwarf- Tol to salinity.
• Creeping- promising dwarfing genotype
74
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 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences

Environmental Influence under Off-season Production on Yield and

Quality Attributes of Mango
A. Kaviarasu et al.,2017

An experiment was conducted at the State Horticulture Farm Kanyakumari in eighteen

regular off-season bearing varieties where flowering is observed during August,
September, October, November months with the fruiting period during December-
January .
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The off-season bearing varieties are
• Neelum
• Kalepad
• Bangalora
• Banganapalli
• Himayuddin
• Nadan
• Panchavarnam
• Rumani
• Dilpasand
• Kalkachi,
• Jehangir
• Pairi
• Panikanadan
• Khudadad
• Athimathuram
• Mulgoa
•01/20/2024
Alphonso and Surangudi. 76
Materials and Methods :
• Experiments were arranged in randomized block
design replicated three times.
• Five trees were used in each variety for replication 25
years old trees.
• From each tree, 20-30 samples were taken at monthly
intervals and quality analysis was carried out.
• Five fruits from each treatment were harvested at
uniform maturity and allowed to ripe naturally in the
room temperature.

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Table.1 Effect of seasonal difference on off-season fruiting yield parameters of mango

22.6 33.3 471.5 46.0 6.03 560.00 520

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 Table.2 Effect on off-season environmental changes in meteorological parameters

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 Conclusion

• The highest yield was recorded in Bangalora (520.80

Kg/tree).
• Bangalora recorded the highest TSS (20.50° Brix) , total
sugars (18.16 %), reducing sugars (7.83 %), non reducing
sugars (10.34 %), carotene content (60.25 mg/kg), titrable
acidity (0.49 %) and ascorbic acid content (37.18 mg/100g).
• The maximum temperature (29.9 to 32.9°C), diurnal
variation (6.9°C), relative humidity (76.6 %), rainfall
(159.53 mm), wind velocity (6.13 kmph) and sunshine hours
(437.05) were highly conducive for off-season flowering in
Kanyakumari.

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 THANK YOU

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Marker gene:
• The purple colour of new leaves and panicle and
beak characters of fruit helps in identifying the
hybrid seedlings in the nursery (Sharma and
Majumder et al., 1985).
• In Israel, a new cultivar, Naomi, has been released
which has smooth skin and red pigmentation.
• In Australia, a hybrid of Sensation x Kensington
has shown promising results.
• In Israel, rootstock breeding is also in progress and
a polyembryonic rootstock 13/1 has been released
that is tolerant to salinity.
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