CORONAVIRUS

UPDATE

Update on
COVI D-19 vaccine
development
Overvie
w
• Current global situation 3

• Vaccines
 About vaccines 7

 Vaccine development 13

 WHO vaccine & immunization-related commitments 23

2
Current global
situation
AS OF 20 DECEMBER 2020

• > 75 million cases • > 1,68 million deaths

• 5 countries with highest cumulative • 5 countries with highest cumulative
number of cases number of deaths

United States of America United States of America

India Brazil
Brazil India
Russian Federation Mexico
France Italy

3
Current global
situation
CASES REPORTED TO WHO AS OF 20 DECEMBER 2020

4
ABOUT VACCINES

Why do we need vaccines for COVID-

19?
• Vaccines can prevent infectious diseases. Vaccines do
prevent measles, polio, hepatitis B, influenza and many
others.
• When most people in a community are protected by
vaccination, the ability of the pathogen to spread is limited.
This is called ‘herd’ or ‘indirect’ or ‘population’ immunity.
• When many people have immunity, this also indirectly
protects people who cannot be vaccinated, such as those who
have compromised immune systems.

5
ABOUT VACCINES

How COVID-19 vaccines

work
• Vaccines greatly reduce the risk of
infection by training the immune system
to recognize and fight pathogens such as
viruses or bacteria
• Most research on COVID-19 vaccines involves
generating responses to all or part of the
spike protein that is unique to the virus that
causes COVID-19. When a person receives
the vaccine, it will trigger an immune
response
• If the person is infected by the virus later on,
the immune system recognizes the virus
and, because it is already prepared to
attack the virus, protects the person from
COVID-19

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ABOUT VACCINES

How safe are the COVID-19

•vaccines?
The safety requirements for COVID-19 vaccines are the same as for any other vaccine and
will not be lowered in the context of the pandemic
• Safety trials begin in the lab, with tests and research on cells and animals first, before moving
on to human studies
• The principle is to start small and only move to the next stage of testing if there are no
safety concerns
• Clinical trials are evaluating COVID-19 vaccines in tens of thousands of study participants to
generate the scientific data and other information needed to determine safety and
effectiveness
• These clinical trials are being conducted by manufacturers according to rigorous standards
• The COVID-19 vaccines are tested in a broad population of people – not only young, physically
fit volunteers, but also older people and people with underlying health conditions
• After deployment, the vaccines will continue to be carefully monitored for safety and
effectiveness

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VACCINE DEVELOPMENT

What is done to fast-track vaccine development in a public

health emergency
• Continuous dialogue between developers and regulatory experts
and early scientific advice helps speed up vaccine development.
Advising companies on regulatory requirements helps ensure that
standards of safety and efficacy are embedded early in the
process and are not compromised by fast-track development
• Resource mobilization for COVID-19 vaccines is done simultaneously
which allows for accelerated development and manufacturing of Manufacturing & production capacity
vaccines for standard vaccines

• Companies may use various approaches to reduce development

timelines, such as:
 mobilize more staff to analyze results from studies more quickly
and map out next steps in terms of resources, funding and
regulatory strategy
 combine clinical trial phases or conducting some studies in parallel
where safe to do so
• Companies are expanding manufacturing capacity and large-scale Expanded manufacturing &
production, to facilitate vaccine deployment without delay once production capacity for COVID-
approved 19 vaccines

8
VACCINE DEVELOPMENT

Steps in vaccine
Actions taken to ensure a new vaccine is safe and works well
development
• Pre-clinical studies
Vaccine is tested in animal studies for efficacy and safety, including challenge studies
• Phase I clinical trial
Small groups of healthy adult volunteers receive the vaccine to test for safety
• Phase II clinical trial
Vaccine is given to a larger group of people who have characteristics (such as age and physical health) similar
to those for whom the new vaccine is intended
• Phase III clinical trial
Vaccine is given to thousands of people and tested for efficacy and safety
• Phase IV post marketing surveillance
Ongoing studies after the vaccine is approved and licensed, to monitor adverse events and to study long-term
effects of the vaccine in the population
• Human challenge studies
Studies in which a vaccine is given followed by the pathogen against which the vaccine is designed to protect.
Such trials are uncommon in people as they present considerable ethical challenges

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VACCINE DEVELOPMENT

Why are there so many COVID-19 vaccines in

development?
• There are many different COVID-19 vaccines in development using different technologies because it
is not yet known which ones will be effective and safe
• Based on experience, roughly 7% of vaccines in preclinical studies succeed. Candidates that reach
clinical trials have about a 20% chance of succeeding
• Different vaccine types may be needed for different population groups
• For example, some vaccines may work in older persons and some may not, as the immune system
weakens with older age
• Several vaccines are needed to allow countries with as much vaccine as possible to increase
the supply
• Not everyone will be able to be vaccinated right away because of limited supply. It is important
that the initial supplies of vaccine are given to people in a fair, ethical, and transparent way
• WHO recommends prioritization based on the WHO SAGE Prioritization Roadmap1

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Can we all go back to our normal life once
vaccinated?
• The Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccine trials show that COVID-19 vaccines are effective in
preventing severe disease
• However, neither the Pfizer-BioNTech nor the Moderna vaccine trials tested whether the
vaccines prevent people from being infected with the virus, that means that it’s not clear
whether vaccinated people could still transmit COVID-19 to others
• We don’t know yet the duration of immunity conferred by the vaccines
• In addition, it will take time to vaccinate everyone. Until that happens and until it’s clear how
well the vaccines prevent transmission, other public health and social measures such as
physical distancing and wearing of masks will be needed

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 How to protect ourselves &
others
9 important COVID-19 prevention measures

01 if youhome
Stay feel unwell, even
and self-isolate
02 soap &
Clean waterfrequently
hands for 40 seconds
with 03 Cover your nose and mouth with
a disposable tissue or flexed
with mild with
or alcohol-based hand rub elbow when you cough or
symptoms sneeze

04 your eyes,
Avoid touching 05 distance aofminimum
Maintain at least 1physical
metre 06 Stay away from crowds and
avoid poorly ventilated indoor
and
nosemouth from spaces
others

07 physical
Use distancing
a fabric of at
mask where 08 you amay
Use be at/higher
medical riskmask if
surgical 09 Regularly clean & disinfect
frequently touched
least 1 metre is not (age, medical conditions) surfaces
possible 29
THANK YOU