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Checkpoint Questions

DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an exact copy of its DNA before cell division. It occurs semiconservatively, meaning that each new DNA molecule contains one old and one new strand. Replication begins at origins of replication and proceeds bidirectionally. Enzymes like helicase unwind the DNA double helix, DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to extend the new strands, and ligase seals the fragments. DNA replication ensures each daughter cell inherits a complete copy of the genome after cell division.

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144 views13 pages

Checkpoint Questions

DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an exact copy of its DNA before cell division. It occurs semiconservatively, meaning that each new DNA molecule contains one old and one new strand. Replication begins at origins of replication and proceeds bidirectionally. Enzymes like helicase unwind the DNA double helix, DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to extend the new strands, and ligase seals the fragments. DNA replication ensures each daughter cell inherits a complete copy of the genome after cell division.

Uploaded by

Saheed Abdulkarim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WHAT DO YOU KNOW?

Quiz 1 (15 minutes)

1. The base composition of a bacterium was found to contain 20% G.


Calculate the value of the remaining bases (4 marks)
2. Mention the forces stabilizing DNA (1 mark)
3. RNA can be double or single stranded. True or false? (1 mark)
4. Mention the forms of DNA that can exist ( 3 marks)
5. Mention two types of RNA (2 marks)
6. What is the net charge on DNA? (1 mark)
7. Give two examples each, for purine and pyrimidine ( 2 marks)
8. Mention two types of sugar found in nucleic aid (2 marks)
9. Mention the three characteristics of nucleotides (3 marks)
10.What is the name of the bond which connects one nucleotide to
another? (1 mark)

Total score: 20 marks

2
Solutions

1. G = 20%, C = 20%, T = 30%, A = 30% (4 marks)


2. Hydrogen bond and base stack interaction (1 mark)
3. True (1 mark)
4. A, B, Z forms (3 marks)
5. rRNA, mRNA, tRNA, snRNA, miRNA etc (2 marks)
6. Negative (1 mark)
7. Pyrimidine : Thymine, cytosine, uracil: Purine: Guanine, cytosine (2
marks)
8. Ribose sugar, deoxyribose sugar (2 marks)
9. They have pentose sugar, nitrogenous bases, and phosphate group (3
marks)
10. Phosphodiester bond (1 mark)

Total score: 20 marks

3
Questions
1. The base composition of a bacterium was found to contain
0.06 G. Calculate the value of the remaining bases
2. Give 2 differences and similarities between DNA and RNA
3. What is a nucleosome
4. Mention the name of the bond the connect one nucleotide
to the other
5. Differentiate between gene and chromosome
6. With reference to position in the eukaryotic cell,
differentiate between RNA and DNA

4
Questions
1. Mention the two parental compounds of nitrogenous bases and
give examples for each
2. Mention the monomeric unit of nucleic acid
3. Differentiate between a nucleotide and nucleoside
4. Mention the forms of DNA that can exist
5. Why is DNA more stable than RNA?
6. Mention two types of RNA and state their functions
7. RNA can be double or single stranded. True or false?
8. The net charge on DNA?

5
Questions
• In samples of DNA isolated from two different fungal species, X and Y,
adenine makes up 0.06 and 0.01, respectively, of the total bases. What
relative proportions
• of adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine would you expect to find in
the two DNA samples? What assumptions have you made? One of
these species was isolated from a hot spring (98 _C). Which species is
most likely the thermophilic bacterium, and why?

6
1. Name two organelles found in eukaryotes that are thought to have
originated from free-living prokaryotes?

2. The base composition of an organism was found to be 11% A, 32% G, 18%


U and 39% C. Is this a DNA or RNA virus? How can you tell?

3. The base composition of an organism was found to be 11% A, 32% G, 13% T.


What will be the approximate concentration of C. How can you tell?

7
Questions on Amino acids
• With one example each, distinguish between essential and non
essential amino acids
• How are amino acids classified?
• Why do amino acids absorb light at 280 nm?
• Classify the following amino acids: Alanine, glutamate, tryptophan,
serine
• Mention one uncommon amino acid and state where it can be found
• State the Henderson-Hasselbach equation
• What is Isoelectric point (pI) of an amino acid ?
• What is the importance of calculating Henderson-Hasselbach
equation ?
• Mention the various classes of protein and give one example for each
• How are proteins classified?
• Mention and briefly explain the various levels of protein folding
• Mention the various forces existing in each level of protein folding
Questions on enzymes
• With the aid of a diagram distinguish between spontaneous and non
spontaneous reactions
• How does an enzyme accelerate the rate of biological reactions?
• With the aid of diagram state the differences between enzyme
catalyzed and non enzyme catalyzed reaction rates
• Mention the essential features of an active site of an enzyme
• What is an apoenzyme?
• What is a holoenzyme?
• Distinguish between a prosthetic group and a cosubstrate
• Fill in the blanks Cofactor

metal ions small organic molecules


(coenzymes)

loosely bound tightly bound


(………………) (……………..)

…………….. …………..
(……………) (……………..)
• What is enzyme specificity?
• State and explain the four degrees of enzyme specificity
• Mention the various classes of enzymes
• Explain the difference the Lock-and-key model and Induced-fit models of
enzyme substrate interactions
• What are the factors which influence enzyme activity or kinetics?
• State the Michaelis-Menten equation and define the various parameters
• Mention the two types of enzyme inhibitors
• Distinguish between the three types of reversible inhibitors
• Mention the various methods for regulating enzyme activity
• Distinguish between zymogen activation and covalent modification
• Mention one disease which can be diagnosed using a named enzyme.
Questions On DNA Replication
1. Briefly describe DNA replication
2. What is the central dogma of molecular biology
3. What is semiconservative DNA replication?
4. How is DNA replication initiated?
5. Write short notes on the various stages of DNA replication
6. Mention and state the function of one enzyme each, involved at the various
stages of DNA replication
7. Why is a primer always required during DNA replication?
8. Distinguish between leading and lagging strands
9. What direction does DNA synthesis occur and why?

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