LESSON 1

Representing Real – life

Situations Using Rational
Functions
 REVIEW
Here are the examples of polynomial functions of particular
degree together with their names:
 Definition of Rational Function
A rational function, r(x) is a function
of the form 𝑟(𝑥) = where p(x) and q(x)
are polynomial functions and
𝑞(𝑥) ≠ 0
The domain of r(x) is a set of real
numbers such that q(x) is not zero.
 Definition of Rational Function
The following are examples of rational functions:

1. 𝑟(𝑥) = , 𝑥 ≠ -1
Both numerator and denominator are
polynomial functions, denominator has
restriction because it should not be equal to zero
 Definition of Rational Function
The following are examples of rational functions:

2. 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑥 ≠ 0
The numerator 1 is a polynomial function
with a degree 0, the denominator is a
polynomial function and it must not be equal
to 0
 REPRESENTATION
 There are different scenarios or real-world relationships that can be modeled by
rational functions, let us take the following examples:
1. The Local Government Unit allotted a budget of ₱100,000.00 for the
feeding program in the Day Care Center. The amount will be divided equally
to all the pupils in the Day Care Center. Write an equation showing the
relationship of the allotted amount per pupil represented by f(x) versus the
total number of children represented by x. Showing the relationship in
tabular form we will arrived at

Notice that as the number of children increase the amount allocated per child
decrease. In writing a representation we will arrived at 𝑓(𝑥) =
 REPRESENTATION
 There are different scenarios or real-world relationships that can be modeled by rational functions, let
us take the following examples:
2. Suppose a benefactor wants to supplement the budget allotted for
each child by donating additional ₱650.00 per child. If f(x)
represents the new amount allotted per child, construct a function
representing the relationship. Using the table we used earlier:

Thus, the representation of the rational function is f(𝑥) =

 REPRESENTATION
 There are different scenarios or real-world relationships that can be modeled by rational functions, let
us take the following examples:

3. A car is to travel a distance of 70 kilometers. Express the

velocity (v) as a function of travel time (t) in hours.
Let us first show the relationship using a table. Remember that as time
increases in travelling the velocity or the speed of a car will decrease

Thus, the function 𝑣(𝑡) = can represent v as a function of t.

 ACTIVITY: School is Cool
During the first quarter of the school year the officers –elect of the Supreme Student
Government decided to divide their budget evenly to the different committees. If their
budget is ₱35,000 construct a function M which would give the amount of money each of
the n number of committees would receive.
a. You may construct a table to aid you in determining the relationships
between quantities

17,500 8,750 5,833.33 4,375

b. Write the rational function that represents
the situation
M(n) =
 LESSON 2
RATIONAL EQUATION,
RATIONAL INEQUALITY
AND
RATIONAL FUNCTION
 BASIC CONCEPTS
Rational number is a number that
can be written as fraction and
whose numerators and
denominators are integers
(negative #, positive # and zero)
provided that the denominator is
not equal to zero.
 RATIONAL NUMBER
Examples:

Each numerator and each

denominator is an integer.
 Are they rational?

0.9 5 0.58
0.73 1.5
-12
Are they rational?

3.653…
 Rational Expression
•is a polynomial divided by
another polynomial
•is an expression that can be
written as a ratio of two
polynomials.
 Rational Expression
• An expression that is the ratio of two
polynomials
• It is just like a fraction, but with polynomials.

Numerator

Denominator
 Rational Expression

𝟏 Ratio of two

𝟐 polynomials. “1” is a

𝟐− 𝒙 constant monomial.
 Rational Expression

𝟐− √ 𝒙 The numerator is
not a polynomial.
(a

𝟒−𝒙 square root of a

variable is not
allowed)
 Rational Expression

𝟏−𝒙 is not allowed

in a polynomial
𝟏
𝟏+
𝒙
 𝟐
𝒙 +𝟑 𝒙+ 𝟐
𝒙+ 𝟒
 𝟏
𝟐
𝟑𝒙
ACTIVITY! Consider the following algebraic expressions, determine whether they are
rational or not and state the reason.

1. x+5
ACTIVITY! Consider the following algebraic expressions, determine whether they are
rational or not and state the reason.

𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒕 𝒊𝒔

𝒂 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒘𝒐 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒚𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒂𝒍𝒔

𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒃𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒆 2 and x-

5 are polynomials

1. x+5 Not a rational expression since the

numerator is not a polynomial

Rational expression because the numerator x+5 and

denominator 1 are polynomials
Rational Equation
Rational Inequality

Composed of rational expressions

combined with a < , >, ≤ or ≥ sign.
Rational Function
TRY ME! Determine whether the given is a
rational function, a rational equation, a rational
inequality, or none of these.
TRY ME! Determine whether the given is a rational
function, a rational equation, a rational inequality, or
none of these.
ACTIVIT
Y
Determine
whether the given
is a rational
function, a
rational equation,
a rational
inequality, or
none of these.
 LESSON 3
SOLVING
RATIONAL
EQUATION & RATIONAL
INEQUALITY
 Solving Rational Equations
• Eliminate the rational
expressions in the equation by
multiplying both sides of the
equation by the LCD.
• Solve the equation.
• Check your solution.
x-2
 x-2

x-2
 Solve for x.
a) + = Multiply both sides by the LCD, 20

20 Apply the Distributive Property. Simplify.

4x + 5 = 10x Subtract 4x from both sides

5 = 10x - 4x Divide both sides by 6

5 = 6x
 Solve for x.
b) = - Multiply both sides by the LCD, 4x

4x Apply the Distributive Property. Simplify.

x = 12 – 2x Add 2x to both sides

x + 2x = 12
3x = 12 Divide both sides by 3

x
 ANSWER ME!
 Dok Aj scores more than 92 on an average in all subjects. Choose an equality to represent
this situation.
a. x ≤ 92 c. x > 92
b. x < 92 d. x ≥ 92

SOLUTION: The situation says that Dok Aj

scores more than 92.
Let the average score be x.
The inequality that represents the situation is
c. x > 92. (Average score in all subjects
should be greater than 92)
 ANSWER ME!

The sum of a number and 12 is

greater than or equal to 57. Find the
number.
a. 45 c. 32
b. 43 d. 20
 ANSWER ME!
 The sum of a number and 12 is greater than or equal to 57. Find the number.
a. 45 c. 32
b. 43 d. 20

SOLUTION: Let the number be x.

x + 12

x (Subtract 12 from both sides)

So, for the values of

x
Solve the Rational Inequality

≤0
Solve the Rational Inequality
A. Rewrite as
≤0 an inequality
with zero on
one side.
The first thing we need to do is to get
everything on the left side and zero on
the right side. (which we already have)
Solve the Rational Inequality

≤0 B. Rewrite the
inequality as a
single rational
expression.
Solve the Rational Inequality C. Equate left side of rational
inequality to zero then solve for x.

≤0 x–3
x–3=0
x+1
x+1=0
x=3 x = -1
D. Locate the x - C. We get the boundary
values to the number points or critical values by
setting all the factors (both
line and divide into numerator and denominator)
three distinct interval. to zero; these are 3 and -1.
 REVIEW Notations
The set given by, can be expressed in
interval notation as (-2, 3].
( ) = an open interval or open bracket/parenthesis (we
do not include the endpoint or denotes that it is not part of
the solution)
[ ] = a closed interval or square bracket (we do include
the endpoint or indicates that it is part of the solution)

-1 0 1 2 A Closed Circle
An Open Circle
means it does not
-2 3 means it does
include that point include the point
Solve the Rational Inequality
D. The rational expression will be
≤0 zero for x = 3 and undefined for
x = 3. Plot these points on a
number line. Use the open/hollow
circle and closed circle.
x+1
x+1=0 x–3
x = -1 (undefined, x–3=0
not part of the x = 3 (part of the
solution, open circle) solution, closed circle)

-4 -3 0 1
-2
-1 2
3 4 5 6
Solve the Rational Inequality
E. Select a number or pick and
evaluate it back into the original

≤0 rational inequality to determine if

it is a TRUE or FALSE statement.
TRUE statement means part of
solution or interval otherwise it is
not.

-4 -3 0 1
-2
-1 2
3 4 5 6
Solve the Rational Inequality
E. Choose convenient test
points in the intervals

≤0 determined by -1 and 3 to
identify the sign of in these
intervals. Construct a table of
signs.

-4 -3 0 1
-2
-1 2
3 4 5 6
E. Select a number or pick and evaluate
Solve the Rational Inequality
≤0
it back into the original rational
inequality to determine if it is a TRUE or
FALSE statement.
TRUE statement means part of solution
or interval otherwise it is not.
Let x = -1 Let x = 3
Let x = -2 ≤0 ≤0
≤0 ≤ 0 Let x = 2 ≤ 0 Let x = 4
≤0 ≤0 ≤0 ≤0 ≤0
≤0 False ≤0 True
≤0
5≤0 ≤0 ≤0
False True False

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
F. Use the interval notation Solve the Rational ≤0
Inequality
or set the solution interval.

(-1, 3] { 𝒙 ∈ ℝ │− 𝟏<𝒙 ≤ 𝟑 }
Let x = -1
Let x = 3
≤0
≤0
≤0 ≤0
≤0 ≤0
Let x = -2
≤0 False Let x = 2
≤0
True Let x = 4
≤0 ≤0
≤0 ≤0 ≤0
5≤0 ≤0 ≤0

False True False

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Solve the Rational Inequality
E. Choose convenient test points in the intervals determined by -1 and 3 to
≤0 identify the sign of in these intervals.

Construct a table of signs.

Interval x < -1 -1 < x < 3 x>3
Test point x = -2 x=1 x=4

x-3 - - +
x+1 - + +
+ - +
0 1
-4 -3 -2 2
3 4 5 6
Solve the Rational Inequality
F. Use the interval notation or set
≤0 the solution interval.
Interval x < -1 -1 < x < 3 x>3
Test point x = -2 x=1 x=4 We want
x ≤ 0, so
x-3 - - + we look
x+1 { 𝒙 ∈ ℝ │− 𝟏< 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑 }
- + +
for the
negative
sign (-)
+ - + intervals.

0 1
-4 -3 -2 2
3 4 5 6
≥1
A. Rewrite as an inequality with zero on one side.

≥1
-1≥0
B. Rewrite the
inequality as a
single rational
expression.
C. Equate left side of rational
inequality to zero then solve
for x.

The rational expression

will be zero for x = 1 and
undefined for x = - 1
Solve the Rational Inequality C. Equate left side of rational
inequality to zero then solve for x.
0 x–1 x+1
x–1=0 x+1=0
x=1 x = -1
D. Locate the x - C. We get the boundary
values to the number points or critical values by
setting all the factors (both
line and divide into numerator and denominator)
three distinct interval. to zero; these are 1 and -1.
Solve the Rational Inequality
D. The rational expression will be
0 zero for x = 1 and undefined for
x = -1. Plot these points on
a number line. Use the
open/hollow circle and closed
x+1
x+1=0 x circle.
–1
x = -1 (undefined, x–1=1
not part of the x = 1 (part of the
solution, open circle) solution, closed circle)

-2 2
-1 1
Solve the Rational Inequality
E. Select a number or pick
and evaluate it back into the
original rational inequality to
determine if it is a TRUE or
0 FALSE statement.
TRUE statement means part
of solution or interval
otherwise it is not.
-2 2
-1 1
Solve the Rational Inequality
E. Choose convenient test
points in the intervals
0 determined by -1 and 1 to
identify the sign of in
these intervals. Construct
a table of signs.

-2 2
-1 1
Solve the Rational Inequality
E. Choose convenient test points in the intervals determined by -1 and 1 to
≥0 identify the sign of in these intervals.

Construct a table of signs.

Interval x < -1 -1 < x < 1 x>1
Test point x = -2 x=0 x=2

x-1 - - +
x+1 - + +
+ - +
-3 -2 0 2 3
-1 1
Solve the Rational Inequality
E. Choose convenient test points in the intervals determined by -1 and 1 to
≥0 identify the sign of in these intervals.

Construct a table of signs.

Interval x < -1 -1 < x < 1 x>1 We want
Test point x = -2 x=0 x=2 x ≥ 0, so
we look
x-1 - - + for the
x+1 - + + positive
sign (+) or
+ - + zero(0)
intervals.

-3 -2 0 2 3
-1 1
 Solve the Rational ≤0
F. Use the interval notation Inequality
or set the solution interval.

{ 𝒙 ∈ ℝ │ 𝒙 <− 𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 ≥𝟏 }
-3 -2 0 2 3
-1 1
F. Use the interval notation Solve the Rational ≤0
Inequality
or set the solution interval.

{ 𝒙 ∈ ℝ │ 𝒙 <− 𝟏 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 ≥𝟏 }
We used a “”
to mean Union
(the joining
together of two
(-, -1) )
sets)

-3 -2 0 2 3
-1 1
 LESSON 4
Representing Real-Life
Situations Using
Exponential Functions
 Exponential Function
An exponential function with the base b is a
function of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = or 𝑦 = , where
(𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1).
 In the exponential function 𝑓(𝑥) = ,
is the base and is the exponent.
Some of the most common applications in real-
life of exponential functions and their
transformations are population growth,
exponential decay, and compound interest.
The following are examples of representing an exponential
function in real-life situations.
Example #1: Suppose a culture of
300 bacteria at JDM Farm is put
into a Petri dish and the culture
doubles every 10 hours. (a) Give
an exponential model for the
situation. (b) How many bacteria
will there be after 90 hours?
 The following are examples of representing an exponential function in real-life situations.
 Example #1: Suppose a culture of 300 bacteria at JDM Farm is put into
a Petri dish and the culture doubles every 10 hours. (a) Give an
exponential model for the situation. (b) How many bacteria will there be
after 90 hours?
 Solution: (a) Let 𝑦 = number of bacteria, t = time
At 𝑡 = 0, 𝑦 = 300

An exponential model for this situation is

y = 300(
 The following are examples of representing an exponential function in real-life situations.
 Example #1: Suppose a culture of 300 bacteria at JDM Farm is put into
a Petri dish and the culture doubles every 10 hours. (a) Give an
exponential model for the situation. (b) How many bacteria will there be
after 90 hours?
 Solution: (b) Use the exponential model for this situation
y = 300( and let t = 90
y = 300(
y = 300(
y = 300(
y = 300(512)
y = 153,600 bacteria after 90 hours
The following are examples of representing an exponential
function in real-life situations.
Example #2: A certain radioactive
substance decays half of itself every 5
days. Initially, there are 50 grams. (a)
Give an exponential model for the
amount of remaining substance. (b)
Determine the amount of substance
left after 30 days.
 The following are examples of representing an exponential function in real-life situations.
 Example #2: A certain radioactive substance decays half of itself every
5 days. Initially, there are 50 grams. (a) Give an exponential model for
the amount of remaining substance. (b) Determine the amount of
substance left after 30 days.
 Solution: (a) Let 𝑦 = amount of substance,
t = time in days

An exponential model for this situation is

y = 50(
 The following are examples of representing an exponential function in real-life situations.
 Example #2: A certain radioactive substance decays half of itself every
5 days. Initially, there are 50 grams. (a) Give an exponential model for
the amount of remaining substance. (b) Determine the amount of
substance left after 30 days.
 Solution: (b) Use an exponential model for this situation
y = 50(Let t = 30
y = 50(
y = 50(
y = 50(
y = 50(0.015625)
y = 0.78125 amount of substance left after 30 days
A function of the form f(x) = ab ,
x

with a > 0 and b > 1, is an

exponential growth function,
which increases as x increases.
When 0 < b < 1, the function is
called an exponential decay
function, which decreases as x
increases.
 LESSON 5

Exponential Functions,
Equations and Inequalities
Determine whether the given is an exponential function, an
exponential equation, an exponential inequality or none of these.
Determine whether the given is an exponential function, an
exponential equation, an exponential inequality or none of these.
 Evaluating an Exponential Function
If f(x) = , evaluate:
a. f(2) b. f(-2)
f(x) = f(x) =
f(2) = f(-2) =
f(2) = 9 f(-2) = =
Property of Equality for Exponential Function

If b is a positive number other

than 1, then = if and only if x =
y.
Example:
If = , then x = 8.
 Solve Exponential Equations

Solve = 81
= 81 Original equation

= Rewrite 81 as so each side has the same base.

2n + 1 = 4 Solve for n.

2n = 3 Subtract 1 from each side.

n= Divide each side by 2.

 Solve Exponential Equations
=
= Original equation

= Rewrite each side with a base of 2

= Power of a Power

4x = 3(x-1) Property of Equality for Exponential Functions

4x = 3x -3 Distributive Property

x = -3 Subtract 3x from each side

The solution is -3.
 Check It Out! Example
Solve
2x Rewrite each side with the same base; 3 and 27
3 = 27 are powers of 3.
2x 3 To raise a power to a power, multiply
(3) = (3) exponents.
2x 3
3 =3 Bases are the same, so the exponents
must be equal.
2x = 3
x = 1.5 Solve for x.
 LESSON 6

Simple Interest
What is 30%
of 80?Answer: 24
Increase 40
by 45%
Answer: 58
 Money is Not
Free to Borrow
93
 Money is Not Free to Borrow

People can always find

a use for money, so
it costs to borrow
money.
94
 How Much does it Cost to Borrow
Money?
•Different places charge
different amounts at
different times
•But they usually charge
this way: 95
How Much does it Cost to Borrow
Money?

•As a percent of the

amount borrowed.
It is
96
•
Example:
• Alex wants to borrow Php
1,000. The local bank says "10%
Interest".
• So to borrow the 1,000 for 1
year will cost:
1,000 × 10% = Php 100 97
•Of course, Alex will
have to pay back the
original Php 1,000
after one year, so
this is what happens:
98
 Php Php
1,000 1,000

Php 100
99
•Alex borrows Php 1,000,
but has to pay back
Php 1,100. This is the
idea of Interest... paying
for the use of the
money. 100
• There are special words used when
borrowing money, as shown here:

Php Php
1,000 1,000

Php 100
101
Alex is the Borrower,
the Bank is the Lender
The Principal of the
Loan is Php 1,000
The Interest is Php
100 102
KEYPOINTS
Lender or creditor - person or institution who
invests the money or makes the funds available.
Borrower or debtor - person or institution who
owes the money or avails of the funds from the
lender
Origin or loan date - date on which money is
received by the borrower
Repayment/maturity date - date on which the
money borrowed or loan is to be completely repaid
103
KEYPOINTS
Principal (P) - the amount of money borrowed or
invested.
Rate (r) - the percent of the principal paid as
interest per time period.
Time or term (t) - the amount of time in years the
money is borrowed or invested
Interest (I) - an amount paid or earned for the use of
money.
Simple interest (Is) - interest that is computed on the
principal and then added to it. 104
 Formula for Simple Interest

Is = PRT
where:
Is = simple interest
P = principal (the amount borrowed or invested)
R = simple interest rate
T = term or time in years 105
 Example:
Suppose you deposit Php
3,000 in a savings account.
The interest rate is 5% per
year. Find the simple interest
earned in 4 years. 106
 Is = Prt
Given: P = 3,000 ; r = 5% or 0.05 ; t = 4

Is = 3,000 (0.05) (4)

Is = Php 600 107

 Find the Principal, Rate or Time
Using the Simple Interest Formula

108
Find the principal using the simple interest formula

109
 Daniel Padilla paid
Php 1,500 in simple
interest on a loan that he
had for 6 months. The
interest rate was 12%. How
much was the principal?
110
•Daniel Padilla paid Php 1,500 in simple interest on a loan
that he had for 6 months. The interest rate was 12%.
How much was the principal?
•Given: Is= 1,500; r= 12%/100 or 0.12; t=
6/12 or 0.5
P = Is/rt
P = 1,500/((0.12) (0.5))
P = 1,500/(0.06)
P = Php 25,000 111
 Daniel Padilla paid Php 1,500 in simple
interest on a loan that he had for 6 months.
The interest rate was 12%. How much was
the principal?

The amount
ANSWER:

borrowed is Php
112
Find the rate using the simple interest formula

113
If an entrepreneur applies
for a loan amounting to
Php 500,000 in a
bank, the simple interest of
which is Php 157,500 for 3
years, what interest rate is
being charged? 114
If an entrepreneur applies for a loan amounting to
Php 500,000 in a bank, the simple interest of
which is Php 157,500 for 3 years, what interest rate is
being charged?
•Given: P= 500,000; Is= 157,500; t= 3
r = Is/Pt
r = 157,500/((500,000) (3))
r = 157,500/(1,500,000)
r = 0.105 = 10.5% 115
 If an entrepreneur applies for a loan
amounting to Php 500,000 in a bank, the
simple interest of which is Php 157,500
for 3 years, what interest rate is being
charged?

ANSWER: The bank

charged an annual simple
interest rate of 10.5%. 116
Find the time using the simple interest formula

117
  James Reid
borrowed Php 10,000
at 8% and paid
Php 1,600 in simple
interest. What was
the length of the loan?
118
James Reid borrowed Php 10,000 at 8% and paid
Php 1,600 in simple interest. What was the length
of the loan?
•Given:P= 10,000; Is= 1,600; r= 8%= 0.08
t = Is/Pr
t = 1,600/((10,000) (0.08))
t = 1,600/(800)
t = 2 119
 James Reid borrowed Php 10,000 at
8% and paid Php 1,600 in simple interest.
What was the length of the loan?

ANSWER: The length

of the loan was
two years. 120
 Maturity Value (M) or Future Value (F)

 the total amount of money due by

the end of a loan period
 the amount of the loan and interest
amount after t years that the lender
receives from the borrower on the
maturity date
121
Maturity Value or Future Value

F = P + Is
where:
F = future (maturity) value
P = principal
Is = simple interest 122
  Enrique Gil borrowed Php 40,000 for office
furniture. The loan was for 6 months at an
annual simple interest rate of 4%. What are
Enrique’s interest and maturity value?

ANSWER: The interest is

Php 800 and the maturity
value is Php 40,800.
123
 Simple Interest (I) Formula

Example: How much money

will you have after 4 years
and 3 months if you
deposited Php 10,000 in a
bank that pays 0.5% simple
interest? 124
Ex: How much money will you have after 4 years and 3 months if you
deposited Php 10,000 in a bank that pays 0.5% simple interest?

F = P (1 + rt)
F = 10,000 (1 + 0.005(4.25))
F = 10,000 (1 + 0.02125)
F = 10,000 (1.02125)
F = Php 10,212.50 125