RABINDRA BHARATI UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT –

HUMAN RIGHTS & HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

PRESENTION TOPIC : CHAILD LABOUR

HEENA NAHID ALI

PRESENTED BY: &
DEBANSHU ADHYA
 Whom to call a CHILD?

According to Juvenile justice(Child protection & care) act 2015, section 2, Child
means,
• Section2, sub section:12 and 35 says child is someone who is below the age of 18
 Even if age is 17 years, 364 days consider as a child
 What are Child Rights?

 The United Nations approved the Code of the Rights of the

Child on November 20, 1989.
 20 November is celebrated as Child Rights Day.
 The Government of India signed the United Nations Code of
the Rights of the Child on 11 December 1992
What is child Labour?

As per ILO The term “child labour” is often defined as

work that deprives children of their childhood, their
potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to
physical and mental development. It refers to work
that:
is mentally, physically, socially or morally
dangerous and harmful to children; and/or
interferes with their schooling by: depriving
them of the opportunity to attend school; obliging
them to leave school prematurely; or requiring
them to attempt to combine school attendance with
excessively long and heavy work.
 Child labour in Industial Revolution:

Industrial Revolution (1760) is one of the special

events in the history of the world. But this
revolution is the beginning of child labour. A
UNICEF journal (Child Labor in Historical
Perspective 1800-1985) claims that child labor
has been created since the Industrial Revolution.
According to a report of 1817, 394 children
(under the age of 17) were working in 11 large
factories including spinning mill, waving mill,
sugar factory, pepper mill
Again, according to a Belgium factory survey report of
1843, 13,544 male children (total 43,073) and 19,659
female children (total 54,181) worked in various factories
(Aged from under 9- 20) . However, historians believe that
there are traces of child labor in some cases in ancient
India
 CAUSES OF CHILD Labour

Child labour typically means the employment of children in any

manual work with or without payment. Child labour is not only
limited to India, it happens to be a global phenomenon.
As far as India is concerned, the issue is a vicious one as children in
India have historically been helping parents at their farms and other
primitive activities. Another concept that needs explanation is the
concept of bonded labour which is one of the most common forms of
exploitation. Bonded labour means the children are forced to work as
employees in lieu of payment of debt by the parents due to
exorbitant rates of repayment of interest.
• Poverty
Poverty is one of the most essential causes of child
labor. Children who were born in poverty, for any reason, grow as
unskilled workers and find themselves forced to child labor to survive
with their families
• Crises
Through the last decade; many crises took place worldwide; Economic
crises, natural disasters, armed conflicts in many countries in the world,
along with the mass migration caused by it, comes COVID-19 at the top
of it all, making millions of people around the world fall victims to all
these crises
• Conflicts & Mass Migration
Armed conflicts have affected schools and schooling, leaving no option
for children in the conflict regions to attend schools and learn.

• Lack of Access to Quality Education

The lack of funding to sponsor the educational projects supported by
organizations puts the educational process in remission in many
regions. Going to schools is no longer an option in-hands for millions of
children worldwide, especially in conflict regions.
IMPACT OF COVID :-

Recent years have seen significant progress in the fight against child labour. The current COVID-19
pandemic, however, can potentially reverse the positive trends observed in several countries and
further aggravate the problem in regions where child labour has been more resistant to policy and
programme measures.
The level of global economic integration and the current crisis are likely to have a large and possibly
lasting worldwide adverse socio-economic and financial impact. The pandemic is increasing economic
insecurity causing disruptions in supply chains, falling commodity prices, in particular oil, and halting
the manufacturing industry. The financial markets have been particularly affected, tightening liquidity
conditions in many countries and creating unprecedented outflows of capital in many economies.
The result will inevitably be a rise in poverty. The number of people in extreme poverty could skyrocket by
40 million to 60 million this year alone compared to before the crisis. Other estimates point to a 20 per
cent rise in 2020. A study of poverty increases based on three scenarios – global economic contractions of
5 per cent, 10 per cent and 20 per cent – found that the number of people in extreme poverty could soar
by 85 million, 180 million and 420 million people, respectively, compared to 2018.
Effect of child labor :-
• Generation Poverty:- Generation Poverty continues as a result of child
labour. For example, in a poor family, the father works as a laborer and his
child also works as a laborer. This results in illiteracy and poverty
• Literacy :- When a child goes out to work instead of studying in school, the
light of education cannot penetrate into him. As a result, the overall
education rate of the country decreases and they subsequently lose their due
rights.
• Unskilled Labour:- Even if a child learns work from an early age, he still lacks
basic education. As a result they cannot be any certified skilled labour. They
lack confidence when going to work abroad (Middle East and South East Asia).
• Economic Crises :- Poverty, illiteracy, unskilled Labour; As a result, the
economic crisis of the country is seen. Illiteracy leads to poverty, which in turn
reduces the country's GDP. Demand for the product decreases

• Increase in addiction and crime tendency:- Due to poverty, children get

involved in various drugs and various crimes from an early age. According to
NCRB report 80% of crime in India is due to poor mentality.
Child labor in Africa:-

According to the ILO's 2016 Global Estimate of Child Labour, Africa has
the highest number of child laborers. 72.1 million children are
involved in child labour; Of that, 31.5 million are in hazardous work.
Between 2012-2016, child labor progressed significantly in sub-
Saharan Africa.
Child labor constitutes a large part of the global agricultural sector.
85% of child labor in Africa i.e. 61.4 million children is involved in
commercial agriculture, animal husbandry. The remaining 15% i.e. 8.1
million are engaged in service industries.
 Child Labour in South Asia :-

Recent national surveys from seven South

Asian countries estimate 30 million
children in employment, almost 17 million
in child labour and 50 million children out
of school. According to ILO estimates,
about 16.7 million children (aged 5-17
years) are involved in labor in South Asia.
Of these, 10.3 million are children aged 5-
14 years. Among them, 5.8 million are
found in India, 5 million in Bangladesh, 3.4
million in Pakistan. School dropout rate is
very high in these three countries. 12.3 M
in India, 7.3 M in Pakistan, 4.5 m in
Bangladesh
 Child Labour in Latin America & Caribbean:-
The 2020 ILO-UNICEF global estimates show that 8.2 million
children – 2.7 million girls and 5.5 million boys – are in child
labour, accounting for 6 per cent of all children in the LAC
region. Two-thirds of those in child labour – 5.5 million children
in absolute terms – are in hazardous work that directly
endangers their health, safety and moral development. These
figures place the LAC region in the mid-range of world regions
in terms of the prevalence of child labour and hazardous work,
and well below the world average. It is worth underscoring that
the child labour estimates for the LAC region and for the other
world regions predate the outbreak of the COVID-19 crisis,
which has substantially added to the situations of household
vulnerability that drive much of the child labour phenomenon.
The estimates, therefore, likely understate the actual
prevalence of child labour in the LAC region and elsewhere.
Child Labour in India :-

According to the Census 2001 figures there are 1.26 crore working children in the age group of 5-14 as compared to
the total child population of 25.2 cr. As per survey conducted by National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) in
2004-05, the number of working children is estimated at 90.75 lakh. As per Census 2011, the number of working
children in the age group of 5-14 years has further reduced to 43.53 lakh. It shows that the efforts of the Government
have borne the desired fruits.
in 1979, Government formed the first committee called Gurupadswamy Committee to study the issue of child
labour and to suggest measures to tackle it. The Committee examined the problem in detail and made some far-
reaching recommendations
Based on the recommendations of Gurupadaswamy Committee, the Child Labour (Prohibition & Regulation) Act was
enacted in 1986. As per the Act, employment of children was prohibited in certain specified hazardous occupations
and processes and regulates the working conditions in others. The list of hazardous occupations and processes is
progressively being expanded on the recommendation of Child Labour Technical Advisory Committee constituted
under the Act. Subquitently the act was amended in 2016 with the enactment of the Child Labour (Prohibition &
Regulation) Amendment Act 2016 prohibiting the employment of Children below 14 years in all employment and also
with the provisions for prohibition on employment of adolescents(14-18 Years) in the scheduled hazardous
occupations and processes
Scenario of Indian Child Labour :-

According to the ILO report, according to the 2001 census, there

are 11.4M in rural areas, and 1.3M in urban areas, and according
to the 2011 census, 8.1M in rural areas, and 2.0M in urban areas
are child laborers (5-14).

According to the data of 2011 type of work, 26% in Cultivators

Sector, 32.9% in Agricultural Labor, 5.2% in Household work as
child laborers.
 NUMBERS OF CHILD Labour(IN MILION)

According to the 2011 census, at the state level Uttar

Pradesh had 2.18M (21.5%), Bihar 1.09M (10.7%), UTTAR PRADES BIHAR RAJASTHAN
MAHARASTRA MADHYA PRADESH
Rajasthan 0.85M (8.4%), Maharashtra 0.73M (7.2 %),
Madhya Pradesh saw 0.70M (6.9%) child laborers.
Causes of India Labour :-

Poverty :- Poverty is a special problem of Bhavret. Due to this problem India

is facing not only child labor but also various other negative problems. In
most cases, a son of a poor family works with his father as a day laborer, farm
laborer, bricklayer, and if a daughter works in a household or a brickyard.
Lack of Decent Work Opportunity:- Due to the lack of Decant Work
Opportunity, from childhood, he is associated with any work for the
convenience of the family
 Type of Indian Child labour :-

 Brick Kilns,

 Carpet Weaving,

 Garment Making,

 Domestic Service,

 Food & Refreshment Services (such as tea stalls),

 Agriculture,

 Fisheries

 Mining.
 Provition & Act Against Child Labour :-

1. Conversation on the Rights of the Child adopted by the UN

General Assembly, adopted by 20th November, 1989; Resolution
number - 44/25, according to article 32 of this convention “States
Parties recognize the right of the child to be protected from economic
exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be
hazardous or to interfere with the child’s education, or to be harmful
to the child’s health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social
development.”provide for a minimum age or for minimum ages for
admission to employment;provide for appropriate regulation of the
hours and conditions of employment;
Article 21 A :- Right to Education The State shall provide free and
compulsory education to all children of the age of 6 to 14 years in such
manner as the State, by law, may determine.

Article 24 :- Prohibition of employment of children in factories,. No

child below the age fourteen years shall be employed in work in any
factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment

Article 39 :- Certain principles of policy to be followed by the

State, The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards
securing that the health and strength of workers, men and women,
and the tender age of children are not abused and that citizens are
not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to
their age or strength.
 Law for the protection of children

 Juvenile Justice (Protection and Care of Children) Act, 2015

 Protection of Children from Sexual Offenses 2012 (POCSO)
 Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009
 Anti child marriage act 2006
 Child and Adolescent Labor Prevention and Regulation Act 2016
Some Projects Against Child Labour :-
The National Child Labour Policy was approved by the Cabinet on 14th August 1987 during the Seventh
Five Year Plan Period. The policy was formulated with the basic objective of suitably rehabilitating the children
withdrawn from employment thereby reducing the incidence of child labour in areas of known concentration of
child labour. All child workers below the age of 14 years in the identified target area. Adolescent workers
below the age of 18 years in the target area engaged in hazardous occupations / processes. Families of Child
workers in the identified target area.
Objective of the Scheme:
 This is the major Central Sector Scheme for the rehabilitation of child
labour.
 The Scheme seeks to adopt a sequential approach with focus on
rehabilitation of children working in hazardous occupations &
processes in the first instance.
 Under the Scheme, survey of child labour engaged in hazardous
occupations & processes has been conducted.
 The special schools/Rehabilitation Centres provide:
1. Non-formal/bridge education
2. Skilled/vocational training
3. Mid Day Meal
4. Stipend @ Rs.150/- per child per month.
5. Health care facilities through a doctor appointed for a group of 20
schools.
 Others Schemes:-

 Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao

 Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana

 Sarva Shiksha Mission

 Mid-Day Meal Scheme

 Sabooj Sathi
 Scholarships :-

 Nabanna Scholarship
 Swami Vivekananda Scholarship (SVMCM)
 National Scholarship Portal
 Merit cum Men's Scholarship (Minority)
 Kanyashree Prokalpa
 National Scholarship
 CONCLUSATION :-
Child labour is a grave issue that continues to persist in various parts of the world, despite efforts to combat it.
It refers to the exploitation of children through any form of work that deprives them of their childhood,
interferes with their ability to attend regular schools, and is mentally, physically, socially, or morally harmful.
Child labour is a violation of children's rights and has significant negative consequences on their well-being. It
robs children of their education, exposing them to a cycle of poverty and limited opportunities in the future.
The physical and psychological toll of hazardous work on young bodies and minds can have long-lasting
effects on their development

Efforts to eliminate child labour have been made at both national and international levels. Numerous countries
have enacted laws and regulations to prohibit child labour, and international organizations like the
International Labour Organization (ILO) have been working to set standards and raise awareness about the
issue. However, despite these efforts, child labour remains a persistent problem, especially in regions with
high poverty rates and weak enforcement of laws.

Solving the problem of child labour requires a comprehensive approach involving governments, civil society
organizations, communities, and individuals. It involves addressing the root causes of child labour, such as
poverty, lack of access to education, and inadequate social protection systems. Providing quality education,
promoting economic opportunities for adults, and strengthening child protection mechanisms are crucial steps
towards eradicating child labour.

In conclusion, child labour remains a global challenge that demands urgent attention and collective action.
The well-being and future of children worldwide depend on our ability to eliminate this exploitative practice,
ensuring that every child has the opportunity to grow, learn, and thrive in a safe and nurturing environment.