Welcome!

INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATIONS, AND

IMMERSION (III)

ABM/HUMSS/STEM/TVL 12 Class
(S.Y. 2023 – 2024)
Sir Marvin M. Eugenio, L.P.T.
Let us pray
 Heavenly Father, we come to You today asking for
Your guidance, wisdom, and support as we begin our
lesson for today. Help us to engage in this meaningful
discussion; allow us to grow closer as an individual
and nurture the bonds of ACean community. Fill us
with Your grace, Lord God, as we make decisions that
might affect our daily tasks and continue to remind us
that all that we do here today, all that we accomplish,
is for the pursuit of truth for the success of our study.
Amen.
Good day!
 MEANING OF RESEARCH
Research is a systematic inquiry that investigates hypotheses, suggest new
interpretations of data or texts, and poses new questions for future research to explore.

Research is the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge in a
new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies, and
understandings. This could include synthesis and analysis of previous research to the
extent that it leads to new and creative outcomes.

Research is a process of investigation. An examination of a subject from different point

of view. Research is a hunt for truth. It is getting to know a subject by reading upon on
it, reflecting, playing with the ideas, choosing the areas that interest you and following
on them. Research is the way you educate yourself.
 IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH

 A tool for building knowledge and efficient learning

 A means to understand various issues
 An aid to business success
 A way to prove lies and to support truths
 Means to find, gauge, and seize opportunities
 A seed to love reading, writing, analyzing, and sharing valuable
information,
 A nourishment and exercise for the mind
 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH

Accuracy - It must give correct or accurate

data, which the footnotes, notes, and
bibliographical entries should honestly and
appropriately documented or acknowledged.
Objectiveness - It must deal which facts,
not with mere opinions arising from
assumptions, generalizations, predictions,
or conclusions.
Timeliness - It must work on topic that
is fresh, new, and interesting to present
society.
Relevance - Its topic must be
instrumental in improving society or in
solving problems affecting the lives of
people in a community.
Clarity - It must succeed in expressing
its central point or discoveries by using
simple, direct, concise, and correct
language.
Systematic - It must take place in
an organized or orderly manner.
 CTSIHE
ETHIC
S
THE BRANCH OF KNOWLEDGE
THAT DEALS WITH MORAL
PRINCIPLES
 ETHICS
IT IS A BRANCH OF PHILOSOPHY RELATING
TO HUMAN CONDUCT WITH RESPECT TO THE
RIGHTNESS OR WRONGNESS OF CERTAIN
ACTIONS AND BADNESS OR GOODNESS OF
THE MOTIVES AND ENDS OF SUCH ACTIONS.
RESEARCH ETHICS ADDRESSES THE
APPLICATION OF ETHICAL PRINCIPLES OR VALUES
TO VARIOUS ISSUES AND FIELDS OF RESEARCH,
INCLUDING:
• Ethical aspects of the design and conduct of research,
• The way human participants or animals within research
projects are treated,
• Whether research results may be misused for criminal
purposes,
• And aspects of scientific misconduct.
 PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH ETHICS
The purpose of ethical responsibility are that of developing
scientific acceptable research protocols that are worth the
participants, time and have a reasonable chance of yielding
meaningful findings.
To protect the rights of participants (both human and
animals) in the research process.
To report the research findings fairly and accurately.
To cooperate with colleagues and participants and other
interested parties in sharing research findings.
 ETHICS OF RESEARCH
• Honesty • Responsible Mentoring
• Objectivity • Respect for Colleagues
• Integrity • Social Responsibility
• Openness • Non-Discrimination
• Carefulness
• Competence
• Respect for Intellectual
• Legality
Property
• Confidentiality • Animal care
• Responsible Publication • Human Subjects Protection
 TYPES OF RESEARCH BASED ON THE DATA
NEEDED
1. Qualitative research - requires non-numerical data, which means that the
research uses word rather than numbers to express result, the inquiry or
investigation about people’s thoughts, beliefs, feelings, views, and lifestyle
regarding the object of the study. These opinionated answers from people
are not measurable; so, verbal language is the right way to express your
findings.

2. Quantitative research – involves measurement of data. Thus, it presents

research findings referring to the number or frequency of something in
numerical forms (e.i. using percentages, fractions, numbers)
 QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
 non-numerical data (uses words)  numerical data (uses numbers)
 used to gain an understanding of  quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviors, and
underlying reasons, opinions, and other defined variables – and generalize
motivations results from a larger sample population
 unstructured or semi-structured  much more structured
 forms of surveys - focus groups (group  forms of surveys – online surveys, paper
discussions), individual interviews, and surveys, mobile surveys and kiosk surveys,
participation/observations face-to-face interviews, telephone
interviews, longitudinal studies, website
interceptors, online polls, and systematic
observations
 inductive  deductive
 subjective  objective
 reported in informal and personal language  reported in formal and impersonal language
 TYPES OF RESEARCH
BASED ON APPLICATION OF RESEARCH
METHOD

a. Pure research - it deals with concepts, principles, or

abstract things. The research applied to theoretical or
practical issues.

b. Applied research - if the intention is to apply the chosen

research to societal problems or issues, finding ways to
make positive changes in society.
 TYPES OF RESEARCH
BASED ON THE PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH

1. Descriptive research - aims at defining or giving a verbal

portrayal or picture of a person, thing, event, group,
situation, etc.

2. Correlational research - shows relationships or

connectedness of two factors, circumstances, or agents
called variables that affect the research.
 TYPES OF RESEARCH
BASED ON THE PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH

3. Explanatory research - this type of research elaborates or explains not just the
reasons behind the relationship of two factors, but also the ways by which such
relationship exists.

4. Exploratory research - its purpose is to find out how reasonable or possible it is

to conduct a research study on a certain topic.

5. Action research - this type of research studies an on-going practice of a school,

organization, community or institution for the purpose of obtaining results that will
bring improvements in the system.
 APPROACHES TO RESEARCH
1. Scientific or positive approach - you discover and measure information
as well as observe and control variables in an impersonal manner. It allows
control variables.

2. Naturalistic approach - in contrast to scientific approach, the naturalistic

approach uses words.

3. Triangulation approach - combination of scientific and naturalistic. In this

case, you are free to gather and to analyze data using multiple methods,
allowing you to combine or mix up research approaches, research types,
data gathering, and data analysis techniques.
 QUALITATIVE VS.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
WHAT IS QUALITATIVE RESEARCH?
MEANING OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Qualitative research is defined as a

market research method that focuses on
obtaining data through open-ended and
conversational communication. This method is
not only about “what” people think but also
“why” they think so.
MEANING OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Qualitative research is based on the disciplines of

social sciences like psychology, sociology, and
anthropology. Therefore, the qualitative research
methods allow for in-depth and further probing and
questioning of respondents based on their responses,
where the interviewer/researcher also tries to
understand their motivation and feelings.
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS

Qualitative research methods are

designed in a manner that help reveal the
behavior and perception of a target audience
with reference to a particular topic.
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS
 The results of qualitative methods are more descriptive and
the inferences can be drawn quite easily from the data that
is obtained.
 Qualitative research methods originated in the social and
behavioral sciences.
 Online qualitative research methods make it easier to
understand that as it is more communicative and
descriptive.
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS

There are different types of qualitative

research methods like an in-depth interview,
focus groups, ethnographic research,
content analysis, case study research that
are usually used.
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS

The following are the qualitative research methods that are

frequently used:

1. ONE-ON-ONE INTERVIEW
Conducting in-depth interviews is one of the most common
qualitative research methods. It is a personal interview that is
carried out with one respondent at a time. This is purely a
conversational method and invites opportunities to get details
in depth from the respondent.
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS

2. FOCUS GROUPS
A focus group is also one of the commonly
used qualitative research methods, used in data
collection. A focus group usually includes a limited
number of respondents (6-10) from within your
target market.
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS

3. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
Ethnographic research is the most in-depth
observational method that studies people in their naturally
occurring environment.
This method requires the researchers to adapt to the
target audiences’ environments which could be anywhere
from an organization to a city or any remote location.
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS

4. CASE STUDY RESEARCH

The case study method has evolved over the past
few years and developed into a valuable qual research
method. As the name suggests it is used for explaining
an organization or an entity.
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS

5. RECORD KEEPING
This method makes use of the already existing
reliable documents and similar sources of information
as the data source. This data can be used in new
research. This is similar to going to a library. There one
can go over books and other reference material to
collect relevant data that can likely be used in the
research.
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS

6. PROCESS OF OBSERVATION
Qualitative observation is a process of research
that uses subjective methodologies to gather systematic
information or data. Since, the focus on qualitative
observation is the research process of using subjective
methodologies to gather information or data. Qualitative
observation is primarily used to equate quality
differences.
 QUALITATIVE OBSERVATION

Qualitative Observation deals with

the five (5) major sensory organs and
their function – sight, smell, touch, taste,
and hearing.
WHAT IS QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH?
 MEANING OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH

According to Aliaga and Gunderson

(2000), quantitative research is “explaining
phenomena by collecting numerical data that
are analyzed using mathematically based
methods (in particular statistics).
QUANTITY

number
QUANTITATI
VE
RESEARCH
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
reliable and objective
uses statistics to generalize a finding
reduces and restructures a complex
problem to a limited number of variable
looks at the connections between variables
 CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
 establishes cause and effect relationships in highly
controlled circumstances
 tests theories or hypotheses
 assumes that the sample is representative of the
population
 the subjectivity of its methodology is a secondary
concern
 deals with the details of the subject.
 ADVANTAGES OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
 allows the researcher to measure and analyze
data;
 it gives reliable results since the study uses a big
sample;
 it is replicable since standards are usually used in
choosing the instruments, sampling procedures,
and statistical treatments
 DISADVANTAGES OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
 it ignores the context of the study in such a way that it
does not consider the natural setting of the conducted
study;
 it requires more resources since it uses a large sample
for the study;
 the results are limited because they are usually based
on the analysis of numbers and are not obtained from
detailed narratives.
 IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

IN CERTAIN FIELDS OF STUDY:

a. In education, it can be used in measuring the

level of performance of students and teachers,
and in assessing the effectiveness of the
methods and the different programs
conducted.
 IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

IN CERTAIN FIELDS OF STUDY:

b. In business, it can improve the overall

marketing strategy, and help the company
make informed decisions on how to be best
move forward with a particular product or
services.
 IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

IN CERTAIN FIELDS OF STUDY:

c. In medical and health allied services, it

yields statistics that can help improve the
rate of recovery of patients with illnesses and
sicknesses, and the efficacy of medicines
and drugs, among others.
IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

IN CERTAIN FIELDS OF STUDY:

d. In science and technology, it can

lead to a more responsible and
accountable operation of the different
components of technology.