Total Derivative

Total Derivative
• Total derivative of a function f of three variables x, y, z is defined by
df and is defined as

f f f
df  dx  dy  dz
x y z

• Where or not x,y and z are independent of each other.

• Several types of dependence among x,y and z are considered.
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 Total Derivative – 1: Chain Rule

Let and are themselves functions of a single independent variable .

Then the dependent variable may be considered as truly a function of
the one independent variable t via the intermediate variable x, y.
Now the derivative of w.r.t. is written as

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 Total Derivative – 1: Chain Rule

Let
.. u 𝒅𝒙
and
x x 𝒅𝒕
Are themselves
functions of a u t
u
single independent
y
y 𝒅𝒚
variable . 𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝒖 𝝏 𝒖 𝒅𝒙 𝝏 𝒖 𝒅 𝒚
= . + .
𝒅𝒕 𝝏 𝒙 𝒅𝒕 𝝏 𝒚 𝒅𝒕
 Total Derivative – 1: Chain Rule

Let 𝒅𝒙
.. u x
x
𝒅𝒕
and
u
𝒅𝒚
are themselves y 𝒅𝒕 t
u y
functions of a 𝒅𝒛
single independent u 𝒅𝒕
z
variable .

z
𝒅𝒖 𝝏 𝒖 𝒅𝒙 𝝏 𝒖 𝒅 𝒚 𝝏 𝒖 𝒅 𝒛
= . + . + .
𝒅𝒕 𝝏 𝒙 𝒅𝒕 𝝏 𝒚 𝒅𝒕 𝝏 𝒛 𝒅𝒕
 Total Derivative – 2: Chain Rule

Let y and z are functions of x.

Then the dependent variable f may be considered as truly a function of the
one independent variable x
Now the derivative of f w.r.t. x is written as

Where

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 Total Derivative – 1: Chain Rule

Let 𝒅𝒙
.. u x
x
𝒅𝒙
and
u
𝒅𝒚
are themselves y 𝒅𝒙 x
u y
functions of a 𝒅𝒛
single independent u 𝒅𝒙
z
variable .

z
𝒅𝒖 𝝏 𝒖 𝒅𝒙 𝝏 𝒖 𝒅𝒚 𝝏 𝒖 𝒅 𝒛
= . + . + .
𝒅𝒙 𝝏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝝏 𝒚 𝒅 𝒙 𝝏 𝒛 𝒅 𝒙
Example 1: Find as a total derivative and verify the result by direct
substitution if and .

Solution: here is a function of and are in turn function of . thus is a function t

via the intermediate variable . then

du
dt
  
 2 x.2e 2t  2 y. 2e 2t cos 3t  3e 2t sin 3t  2 z. 2e 2t sin 3t  3e 2t cos 3t
du
 2 x.2.x  2 y.2. y  3.z   2 z.2.z  3. y 
dt du
   4t
 4 x y z
2 2 2
Answer 8e
dt
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Example 2: Find the total differential coefficient of w. r. t. x when x, y
connected by

From the implicit relation

Solution: let ,
Then total differential is
we have

Thus the total differential

So,
coefficient of u w.r.t. x is

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Example 2: Find the total differential coefficient of w. r. t. x when x, y
connected by

From the implicit relation

Solution:

we have

Answer
So,

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Partial Differentiation of Composite
Functions: Change of Variable

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Partial Differentiation of Composite Functions: Change of Variable

u  x 2  y 2 , x  2r  3s  4,find
y  rand
 8s  5 u u
Example 1: If
r s

Solution: here u is a function of x, y which are functions of s, t. so by

chain rule u u x u y
   2 x.2   2 y  1  22 x  y 
r x r y r

u u x u y
   2 x. 3   2 y 8   6 x  16 y
s x s y s

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Partial Differentiation of Composite Functions: Change of Variable

Example 1: If w  x , y , z 
  f x 2
 y2
 z 2
 f u 
w w
where x  r cos  cos  , y  r cos  sin  and z  r sin  find  and 
Solution: here u is a function of x, y and z which are functions of r, θ
and ϕ. so by chain rule
w w u w  u x u y u z 
     
 u  u  x  y  z  
w
 2 x. r sin  cos    2 y r sin  sin    2 z r cos 
u
Substituting the value of x, y and z we get,
w
2
u

 r 2 sin  cos cos 2   r 2 sin  cos sin 2   r 2 sin  cos 
2 w
 2r  sin  cos   sin  cos    0 Anwser
u 13
Partial Differentiation of Composite Functions: Change of Variable

Similarly we have
w w u w  u x u y u z 
     
 u  u  x  y  z  

w
 2 x. r cos sin    2 yr cos cos    2 z 0
u
Substituting the value of x, y and z we get,
w
2
u

 r 2 sin  cos  cos 2   r 2 sin  cos  cos 2  
w
 2r 2
0  0 Anwser
u
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Partial Differentiation of an Implicit Functions

Implicit Function: An implicit function of x and y is an equation of the form

f x , y   0
Which can not necessarily be solved for one of the variables say x in terms of the
other variable say y.
Example: x  y a 0
2 2 2
………….. (1)
is an implicit function which can not be solved for say x in terms of y explicitly.
If (1) defines y as function of x, the derivative of y w. r. t. x can be calculated in
terms of f, without solving (1) explicitly for x in the form y  y x  ,

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Partial Differentiation of an Implicit Functions

By differentiating (1) partially w. r. t. x as

f dx f dy …………… (2)
 0
x dx y dx
f
Solving (2) we get
dy  x fx
  ………….. (3)
dx f fy
y
Higher derivative of (1) can be obtained by differentiating (3) on both sides.

fx x fy   2 fx y fx fy  fy y  fx 
2 2 2
d y if f y  0

dx 2
f 
y
3

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Partial Differentiation of an Implicit Functions
dy
Example 1: Find from the given implicit function f connecting x and y.
dx
f x, y   x sin x  y   x  y 
f
Solution:
dy
  x 
 sin x  y   x. sin x  y .1  1
dx f x cosx  y .(1)  1
y

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Partial Differentiation of an Implicit Functions
dy
Example 1: Find from the given implicit function f connecting x and y.
dx
xy  yx

Solution: taking log f  y log x  x log y  0

f y
 log y
dy
  x  x
dx f x
log x 
y y

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Partial Differentiation of an Implicit Functions
dy
Example 2: Find from the given implicit function f connecting x and y.
dx xy
y  sin x
Solution: taking log f  x , y   x y
log y  log sin x  0 ……….(1)
 so log z  y log x
y
Now put z x ……….(2)
Differentiating (2) w. r. t. x and y, we get
1 1 y y y y 1
z x  y. so z x  . z  . x  y x …………(3)
z x x x
1
z y  log x so z y  z log x  x log x
y
…………(4)
z
Now differentiating (1) partially w. r. t. x and y, we get

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Partial Differentiation of an Implicit Functions

Solution: Now differentiating (1) partially w. r. t. x and y, we get

f  y
x
 fx 
x
 y 1

x log y  log sin x  yx log y  cot x ….(5)

f x y
 f y  x y log x. log y  0 ….(6)
y y

Substituting (5) and (6) in

f
dy yx y 1 log y  cot x
  x  y
dx f x log x. log y  x yy 1

y
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• https://www.analyzemath.com/GraphsHyperbolicFunctions/GraphsH
yperbolicFunctions.html

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catenary

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