Programming Fundamental

Today’s lecture outline

C++ character set
Basic constants and variables
Output function – Cout
Input function – Cin
C++ instructions
Integer to float conversion
Hierarchy of operator
Control instructions

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Learning C/C++

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C++ Character Set

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Constants
An entity that doesn’t change

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Integer Constants
Must have at least one digit
It must not have a decimal point
It can be either positive or negative
If there is no sign an integer constant is assumed to be positive
No commas or blanks are allowed within an integer constant
Examples: 135, -67, 3401, -5670

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Real Constants
Also called Floating Point constants
A real constant must have at least one digit
It must have a decimal point
It could be either positive or negative
Default sign is positive
No commas or blanks are allowed within a real constant
Examples: +325.34, 426.0, -32.76, -48.5792

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 Character Constants
A character constant is a
single alphabet
a single digit
or a single special symbol
Enclosed within single inverted commas
Both the inverted commas should point to the left
The maximum length can be 1 character
Examples: ’A’, ‘I’, ‘5’, ‘=‘

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 Variables
An entity that may vary during program execution
Names given to locations in memory

x=3 x=5

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 Variable
In a program a variable has:
1. Name
2. Type
3. Size
4. Value

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Data Types
1. int
2. short
3. long
4. float
5. double
6. char

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Range of Integer data Type

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 Variables..
Series of characters (letters, digits, underscores)
Must begin with a letter or underscore
Case sensitive
Meaningful naming scheme

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Variables..
No commas or blanks are allowed within a variable name.
No Special symbol are used in name.
Examples: Interger1, Sum, _FirstNum
Invalid variable names
#sum, 12x, first name

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Keywords
Meaning already explained to compiler
Cannot be used as variable name

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Writing C/C++ Programs
Instructions as statements
Order of statements
Each statement must end with a ;
Blanks for readability or clarity
Case-Sensitive

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Structure of a C++ program
Source code Output
1.// my first program in C++
2.# include <iostream> Hello Word!
3.
4. int main ()
5. {
6. std::cout<<“Hello
Word!”;
7. }

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Structure of a C++ program
Source code Output
#include<iostream>
using namespace std; Hello Word!

int main()
{
cout<<“Hello Word!”;
return 0;
}

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 Components of a C++ program (Cont.)
• Line 2: #include <iostream>
• Lines beginning with a sign
directives read and interpreted (#) are
hash
known as the preprocessor. by what
is
• In this case, the directive #include <iostream>,
instructs the preprocessor to include a section
of standard C++ code, known as header
iostream, that allows to perform standard input
and output operations.

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 Components of a C++ program (Cont.)
• Line 3: A blank line.
• Blank lines have no effect on a program. They
simply improve readability.

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 Components of a C++ program (Cont.)
• Line 4: int main ( )
• This line initiates the declaration of a function.
Essentially, a function is a group of code
statements which are given a name: in this
case, this gives the name "main" to the group
of code statements that follow.
• The execution of all C++ programs begins with
the main function regardless of where the
function is actually located within the code.

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 Components of a C++ program (Cont.)
• Line 6: std::cout << "Hello World!";
• This statement has three parts: First, std::cout,
which identifies the standard character output
device (usually, this is the computer screen).
• Second, the insertion operator (<<), which
indicates that what follows is inserted into
std::cout.
• Finally, a within quotes ("Hello
world!"), sentencecontent inserted into
standard output.
is the
the
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The Basics of a C++ Program

• Function: collection of statements; when

executed, accomplishes something
− May be predefined or standard
• Syntax: rules that specify which
statements (instructions) are legal
• Programming language: a set of rules,
symbols, and special words
• Semantic rule: meaning of the
instruction
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Comments
• Comments are for the reader, not the compiler
• Two types:
− Single line
// This is a C++ program. It prints the sentence:
// Welcome to C++ Programming.

− Multiple line
/*
You can include comments that can
occupy several lines.
*/

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Special Symbols

• Special symbols (Operators)

+ ?
- ,
* <=
/ !=
. ==
; >=

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Gross salary C++ Program

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Arithmetic Operators and Operator
Precedence
• C++ arithmetic operators:
− + addition
− - subtraction
− * multiplication
− / division
− % modulus operator
• +, -, *, and / can be used with integral and
floating-point data types
• Operators can be unary or binary
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Expressions

• If all operands are integers

− Expression is called an integral expression
• Yields an integral result
• Example: 2 + 3 * 5
• If all operands are floating-point
− Expression is called a floating-point
expression
• Yields a floating-point result
• Example: 12.8 * 17.5 - 34.50

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Mixed Expressions

• Mixed expression:
− Has operands of different data types
− Contains integers and floating-point
• Examples of mixed expressions:
2 + 3.5
6 / 4 + 3.9
5.4 * 2 – 13.6 + 18 /
2

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Mixed Expressions (continued)

• Evaluation rules:
− If operator has same types of operands
• Evaluated according to the type of the
operands
− If operator has both types of operands
• Integer is changed to floating-point
• Operator is evaluated
• Result is floating-point
− Entire expression is evaluated according
to precedence rules
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string
Type
• Programmer-defined type supplied in
ANSI/ISO Standard C++ library
• Sequence of zero or more
characters
• Enclosed in double quotation marks
• Null: a string with no characters
• Each character has relative position
in string
− Position of first character is 0
• Length of a string is number of
characters in it 31
Input

• Data must be loaded into main memory

before it can be manipulated
• Storing data in memory is a two-step
process:
− Instruct computer to allocate memory
− Include statements to put data into
memory

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Declaring & Initializing Variables

• Variables can be initialized when declared:

int first=13, second=10;
char ch=' ';
double x=12.6;
• All variables must be initialized before they
are used
− But not necessarily during declaration

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Putting Data into Variables

• Ways to place data into a variable:

− Use C++’s assignment statement
− Use input (read) statements

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Allocating Memory with Constants
and Variables
• Variable: memory location whose content
may change during execution
• The syntax to declare a named constant
is:

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Allocating Memory with Constants
and Variables (continued)
• Named constant: memory location whose
content can’t change during execution
• The syntax to declare a named constant
is:

• In C++, const is a reserved word

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Assignment Statement

• The assignment statement takes the form:

• Expression is evaluated and its value is

assigned to the variable on the left
side
• In C++, = is called the assignment
operator

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Assignment Statement (continued)

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Saving and Using the Value of an
Expression
• To save the value of an expression:
− Declare a variable of the appropriate data type
− Assign the value of the expression to
the variable that was declared
• Use the assignment statement
• Wherever the value of the expression is
needed, use the variable holding the value

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Input (Read) Statement

• cin is used with >> to gather input

• The stream extraction operator is >>

• For example, if miles is a double variable
cin >> miles;
− Causes computer to get a value of type
double
− Places it in the variable miles

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Input (Read) Statement (continued)

• Using more than one variable in cin

allows more than one value to be read at a
time
• For example, if feet and inches are
variables of type int, a statement such as:
cin >> feet >> inches;
− Inputs two integers from the keyboard
− Places them in variables feet and
inches
respectively
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Input (Read) Statement (continued)

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Variable Initialization

• There are two ways to initialize a variable:

int feet;
− By using the assignment statement
feet = 35;
− By using a read statement
cin >> feet;

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Increment & Decrement Operators

• Increment operator: increment variable by 1

− Pre-increment: ++variable
− Post-increment: variable++
• Decrement operator: decrement variable by 1
− Pre-decrement: --variable
− Post-decrement: variable—
• What is the difference between the following?
x = 5; x = 5;
y = ++x; y = x++;

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Output
 The syntax of cout and << is:

− Called an output statement

 The stream insertion operator is <<
 Expression evaluated and its value is printed at the current cursor
position on the screen

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Output (continued)

• A manipulator is used to format the output

− Example: endl causes insertion point to
move to beginning of next line

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Output (continued)

• The new line character is '\n'

− May appear anywhere in the string
cout << "Hello there.";
cout << "My name is James.";
• Output:
Hello there.My name is James.
cout << "Hello there.\n";
cout << "My name is James.";
• Output :
Hello there.
My name is James.

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Output (continued)

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 Variable declaration
Any variable used in the program must be declared first before using it.

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Output function

cout<<“This is my First Program”;

Cout<<a;
Cout<<10;
Cout<<a+b;

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Input
To make gross salary calculation program general, the program ask the
user to input value of hours and payrate during execution

“ cin” function is used to input value from user during program
execution

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Gross salary C Program

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Input function syntax
Cin>> payrate;
Cin>> hours;

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C++ Instructions
Type Declaration Instruction
To declare the type of variables used in a C++ program.

Arithmetic Instruction
To perform arithmetic operations between constants and variables

Control Instruction
To control the sequence of execution of various statements in a C+
+ program.

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Type Declaration Instruction
This instruction is used to declare the type of variables being used in the
program.
The type declaration statement is written at the beginning of main( )
function.
 int hours, payrate, grosspay;
 float salary;
 char name;

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Variations of type declaration instruction
 Initializing at declare time
int x =10, y = 20;
float a = 1.25, b = 1.99*2.4+1.5;
 Order of variable decleration
int i = 10, j = 25 ;
is same as
int j = 25, j = 10 ;
However,
float a = 1.5, b = a + 3.1 ;
is alright, but
float b = a + 3.1, a = 1.5 ;

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Cont.
The following statements would work
int a, b, c, d ;
a = b = c = 10 ;
However, the following statement would not work
int a = b = c = d = 10 ;

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 Arithmetic Instruction
C++ arithmetic instruction consists of
variable name on the left hand side of =
and variable names & constants on the right hand side of =.


The variables and constants appearing on the right hand side of = are
connected by arithmetic operators like +, -, *, and /.

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Example
int ad ;
float kot, deta, alpha, beta, gamma ;
ad = 3200 ;
kot = 0.0056 ;
deta = alpha * beta / gamma + 3.2 * 2 / 5 ;
The variables and constants together are called ‘operands’
that are operated upon by the ‘arithmetic operators’

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Types of arithmetic statement
Integer mode arithmetic statement
This is an arithmetic statement in which all operands are
either integer variables or integer constants.
Example:
 int i, king, issac, noteit ;
i = i + 1 ;
 king = issac * 234 + noteit - 7689 ;

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Cont.
Real mode arithmetic statement
This is an arithmetic statement in which all operands are either real constants
or real variables.
Example.
float x, y, si, prin, anoy, roi ;
x = y + 23.123 / 4.5 * 0.3442 ;
si = prin * anoy * roi / 100.0 ;

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Cont..
Mixed mode arithmetic statement
This is an arithmetic statement in which some of the operands are integers and
some of the operands are real.
Example.
float si, prin, anoy, roi, avg ;
int a, b, c, num ;
si = prin * anoy * roi / 100.0 ;
avg = ( a + b + c + num ) / 4 ;

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 Arithmetic instructions
C++ allows only one variable on left-hand side
Modular operator
This operator returns the remainder on dividing one integer with another
Expression 10 / 2 yields 5 whereas, 10 % 2 yields 0
Expression 10 / 3 yields 3 whereas 10 % 3 yields 1

 An arithmetic instruction is often used for storing character constants

in character variables.
char a, b, ;
a = 'F' ;
b = 'G' ;
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Cont.
Arithmetic operations can be performed on ints, floats and chars.
char x, y ;
int z ;
x = 'a' ;
y = 'b' ;
z=x+y;

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Cont..
No operator is assumed to be present. It must be written explicitly.
a = c.d.b(xy)

b=c*d*b*(x*y)

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 Integer and float conversions
An arithmetic operation between an integer and integer always yields an integer
result
An operation between a real and real always yields a real result
An operation between an integer and real always yields a real result

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Type Conversion in Assignments
k is int and a is float

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Hierarchy of Operations

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Example
i=2*3/4+4/4+8-2+5/8
i=6/4+4/4+8-2+5/8 operation: *
i=1+4/4+8-2+5/8 operation: /
i = 1 + 1+ 8 - 2 + 5 / 8 operation: /
i=1+1+8-2+0 operation: /
i=2+8-2+0 operation: +
i = 10 - 2 + 0 operation: +
i=8+0 operation : -
i=8 operation: +

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Association of Operators
When an expression contains two operators of equal priority the tie
between them is settled using the associativity of the operators
It can be of two types
Left to right
Right to left

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Example
Consider the expression
a = 3 / 2 * 5 ;
Left to right:
a = 3 / 2 * 5
a = 1 * 5
a = 5

Right to left :
 a= 3/2*5
 a = 3 / 10
 a=0

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Control Instructions in C++
Enable us to specify the order in which the various instructions in a
program are to be executed by the computer.
Sequence Control Instruction
Selection or Decision Control Instruction
Repetition or Loop Control Instruction
Case Control Instruction

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Cont.
Sequence Control Instruction
The Sequence control instruction ensures that the instructions are executed in
the same order in which they appear in the program.

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Cont..
Selection or Decision Control Instruction
Decision instructions allow the computer to take a decision as to which
instruction is to be executed next.
Repetition or Loop Control Instruction
The Loop control instruction helps computer to execute a group of statements
repeatedly.

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Cont…
Case Control Instruction
same as decision control instruction.

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Which are invalid variables
BASICSALARY
_basic
basic-hra
#MEAN
group.
422
population in 2006
over time

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Point out the errors

int = 314.562 * 150 ;

Char name = ‘Ajay’ ;
char = ‘3’ ;
3.14 * r * r * h = vol_of_cyl ;
k = ( a * b ) ( c + ( 2.5a + b ) ( d + e ) ;
m_inst = rate of interest * amount in rs ;
count = count + 1 ;

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Thank You
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