Module 1
Module 1
ELECTRICAL
POWER
GENERATION,
TRANSMISSION
AND
DISTRIBUTION
Module I (14 Hrs)
Module I
I. Conventional & Non-conventional
Sources Of Energy –
II. Power Plant Economics-
III. Tariff
IV. Depreciation
V. Economics Of Pf Improvement
VI. Capacity Of Phase Advancing Plant.
Module II (13 Hrs)
I. Overhead transmission systems:
II. Sag and tension,
III. String efficiency,
IV. Corona
Module III (14 Hrs)
V. Distribution systems
VI. Underground cables
Module 4 (13 Hrs)
VII. Performance of transmission lines
VIII. Calculation of transmission line
inductance and capacitance,
IX. Nominal T and p methods of
calculations,
X. Rigorous solution of long lines
XI. Power flow through a transmission
line
Text Books
1. S. Sivanagaraju & S. Satyanarayana , Electric Power
Transmission and Distribution, Pearson Edn
2. S. N. Singh, Electric Power Generation, Transmission and
Distribution, PHI
3. Sony, Gupta, Bhatnagar, A Course in Electrical Power,
Dhanpat Rai and Sons
4. V. K. Mehta, Electric Power Systems, S. Chand & sons
Reference Books
1. C. L. Wadhwa, Electric Power Systems, Wiley Eastern Ltd.
2. S. L. Uppal, Electrical Power, Khanna Publishers.
3. A. S. Pabla, Electric Power Distribution Systems, Tata Mc
Graw Hill
4. B. R. Gupta, Power System Analysis and Design, Wheeler
Publishing Company, New Delhi
GENERATOR
TRANSFORMER
CONVERTS
CONVERTS
MECHANICAL
ELECTRICALL
ENERGY
ENERGY
TO ELECTRICAL
OF ONE VOLTAGE
ENERGYAND
ELECTRIC MOTOR
CURRENT LEVELCONVERTS MECHANICAL
TO ELECTRICAL ENERGYENERGY ELECTRICAL
OF OTHER VOLTAGEENERGY
AND
CURRENT LEVEL
Simple power system
Frequency 50 Hz (1% tolerance)
Voltage 230 V (6% allowable tolerance in India)
kW
kVAR
kVA
= Average demand X t
maximum demand X t
Capacity factor is an indication of reserve capacity
Reserve capacity = plant capacity – maximum demand
t = total duration say one day or week
Plant use factor = Station output in kWhr
Plant capacity X hrs of use
•The number and size of the units selected such a way that they
correctly fits the station load –ie all machines works at its
maximum efficiency point
Important points in selecting a Generating units
Disadvantages
Objectives of tariff
1.Recovery of cost of production
2.Recovery of capital investment on transmission and
distribution system
3.Recovery of cost of operation and maintenance
4. Suitable profit on capital investment
Characteristics of good tariff
1. Proper return
2. Fairness - Tariff must be fair -so that different types of
consumers are satisfied –a big consumer should have low
tariff as their increased demand spreads fixed charges over a
greater number of units-thus reducing overall cost of electric
energy. Similarly consumers whose load wont vary much
from ideal should have low tariff
3. Simplicity – to be understood by ordinary consumers
4. Reasonable profit – restricted to 8% or near
5. Attractive – to customer
Types of tariff
Defects
1.Separate meters for lighting and power loads
2.Discrimination between customers
3. Block rate tariff
a= dependent
bα max demand
cα units generated
• A consumer has a maximum demand of
200KW at 40% load factor . If the tariff is
Rs.100 per KW of maximum demand plus 10
paise per kWh, find the overall cost per kWh.
POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT
Power Factor
-cosine of the angle between current and voltage
--Power factor is decided by loads
-low power factor due to lagging loads
-Low pf highly undesirable
Reactive power supplied by generator
Reactive power is neither consumed in the circuit nor it does
any useful work ,It merely flows back and forth in both
directions
Pf = Cos Ø
Real Power kW
V I Cos Ø
Ø V I Sin Ø
Reactive Power
kVAR
kVA
Apparant Power VI
Pf = Cos Ø = Real power = kW
Apparent power kVA
kW = kVA Cos Ø
Tan Ø = Real power kW
kVAR = kW Tan Ø
Reactive power kVAR
Power Relations
kVAR = kW Tan Ø
IL α = kW
Cos Ø
Disadvantages of low pf
1. Large kVA rating of equipment
Eg: for generating 80kW-> 100kVA at 0.8 pf
88.8 kVA at 0.9 pf
114.28 kVA at 0.7pf
2. Greater Conductor size
Eg : for generating 400 MW at 400V _> 721A at 0.8 pf
641A at 0.9 pf
824A at 0.7 pf
3.Large copper loss in generators, transmission lines and transformers
> Due to greater currents
4.Poor voltage regulation > due to large volt drops in gen, tn lines and
transformers
Ic
I Cos Ø
V
Ø1 Ø2 I’ Sin Ø2
I’
I Sin Ø1 – I’Sin Ø2
I
After Power Factor Improvement
1.Current I’ after pf correction, is reduced than original I
kW
Ø1 Ø2 kVAR2
kVA2
kVARc
kVAR1
kVA1
kVAR2 = kW TanØ2
1. Static Capacitor
2. Synchronous condenser
3. Phase Advancers
1. Static Capacitor
-Pf can be improved by connecting capacitor connecting in parallel
to the equipment operating at low pf
-Advantages
1.Have no losses(in ideal case)
2. Require less maintenance as have no rotating parts
3.Can be easily installed as it is light and require no foundation
4.Can work under ordinary climatic conditions
-Dis advantages
1.Short service life from 8 -10 Years
2. Gets easily damaged when voltage exceeds rated value
3.Repairing is uneconomical
1. Static Capacitor
-Pf can be improved by connecting capacitor connecting in parallel
to the equipment operating at low pf
-Advantages
1.Have no losses(in ideal case)
2. Require less maintenance as have no rotating parts
3.Can be easily installed as it is light and require no foundation
4.Can work under ordinary climatic conditions
-Dis advantages
1.Short service life from 8 -10 Years
2. Gets easily damaged when voltage exceeds rated value
3.Repairing is uneconomical
2. Synchronous Condenser
-Over excited synchronous motor running under no load takes leading
current therefore behaves as leading power factor load
-Such a machine connected in parallel to the load has leading current
there by reducing the lagging reactive component of the load hence
by improving power factor
-generally used at major bulk power supply stations for power factor
improvement
-Advantages
1.Steapless control of reactive power(power factor) by varying the
excitation current drawn by the mtor
2.The motor windings have high thermal stability to S.C current
3.Faults can be removed easily
-Dis advantages
1.Considerable loss in the motor
2.Maintenance cost high
3.Noisy operation
4.Un economical for sizes <500kVA
5.As syn motor not self starting–needs auxiliary equipments for starting
2. Synchronous Condenser
-Over excited synchronous motor running under no load takes leading
current therefore behaves as leading power factor load
-Such a machine connected in parallel to the load has leading current
there by reducing the lagging reactive component of the load hence
by improving power factor
-generally used at major bulk power supply stations for power factor
improvement
-Advantages
1.Steapless control of reactive power(power factor) by varying the
excitation current drawn by the mtor
2.The motor windings have high thermal stability to S.C current
3.Faults can be removed easily
-Dis advantages
1.Considerable loss in the motor
2.Maintenance cost high
3.Noisy operation
4.Un economical for sizes <500kVA
5.As syn motor not self starting–needs auxiliary equipments for starting
3. Phase advancers
-Used to improve pf of IM
-Low pf of IM due to excitation current-
-Phase advancers provide excitation current hence supply is relieved
from reactive current
-Phase advancers mounted on same shaft of the main motor and is
connected to rotor circuit of motor
-Advantages
-Advantages
kVAR2 = kW TanØ2
kVAR1
kV
A1
C
kVAR1 –
kVAR2
B
Assuming two part tariff = b kVA + c KWhr
Tariff rate : 100Rs /kVA ,0.20Rs /kWhr , 60 Rs / kVAr working 300 hrs per
annum
Electricity cost Before installing pf improving device
500 X 100Rs + 171 X 300hrs X 0.2 Rs
Electricity cost After installing pf improving device
342 X 100Rs + 171 X 300hrs X 0.2 Rs
Saving in kVA demand due to pf improvement
500 X 100Rs -342 X 100Rs =100( 500 -342 ) = 15800
171P kW A
O
60
70 37
2k 296.18kVAR
VA
2
469.84 kVAR
50
0
kV
A
173.63kVAR
B
Or in general
Saving in kVA demand due to pf improvement
x ( kVA1 - kVA2 ) where x = cost /kVA
= x { (P/CosØ1)- (P/CosØ2)}
= x P{ (SecØ1)- (SecØ2)}
171P kW A
O
60
70 37
2k 296.18kVAR
VA
2
469.84 kVAR
50
0
kV
A
173.63kVAR
B
The savings is obtained is at the cost of investment for kVAR
Investment required is kVARc = (kVAR1 – kVAR2) X Cost per kVA
= (469.84 – 296.18) X 60 Rs
= 173.63 X 60 =10417.8 Rs
Or in general
y P{ (TanØ1)- (TanØ2)}
P is the real power in kW and y = Rs per kVAr
171P kW A
O
60
70 37
2k 296.18kVAR
VA
2
469.84 kVAR
50
0
kV
A
173.63kVAR
B
Net saving for one year
Saving in kVA demand – Investment in kVAR
Or in general
S = x P{ (SecØ1)- (SecØ2)} - y P{ (TanØ1)- (TanØ2)}
171P kW A
O
60
70 37
2k 296.18kVAR
VA
2
469.84 kVAR
50
0
kV
A
173.63kVAR
B
Net saving for one year
S = x P{ (SecØ1)- (SecØ2)} - y P{ (TanØ1)- (TanØ2)}
x = Rs per kVA y = Rs per kVAr
171P kW A
O
60
70 37
2k 296.18kVAR
VA
2
469.84 kVAR
50
0
kV
A
173.63kVAR
B
PP kW
A
O
kV
A2 kVAR2
kVAR1
kV
A1
C
kVAR1 –
kVAR2
B
Assignment 1
1.Define diversity factor and plant factor ,explain its relevance
2.Brief about various conventional and non conventional sources of energy
3.Explain the terms interest and depreciation as applied to economics of power generation
4.Describe desirable characteristics of tariff
5.Derive an expression for the most economical value of power factor which may be attained
by a consumer
6
7
250 kW
171 kW A 79 C
O
60
70
50
0k 433.01
VA
kVAR
686.86
50
kVAR
0k
VA
E
79
F kVAR1 –
B 70 kVAR2
23 A
D
0.
kV
98
250 kW
171 kW A 79 C
O
60
70
50
0k 433.01
VA
kVAR
686.86
50
kVAR
0k
VA
E
79
F kVAR1 –
B 70 kVAR2
23 A
0.
kV
98
D
250 kW
171 kW A 79 C
O
60
70
50
0k 433.01
VA
kVAR
686.86
50
kVAR
0k
VA
E
79
F kVAR1 –
B 70 kVAR2
23 A
0.
kV
98
D
250 kW
171 kW A 79 C
O
60
70
50
0k 433.01
VA
kVAR
686.86
50
kVAR
0k
VA
E
79
F kVAR1 –
B 70 kVAR2
23 A
0.
kV
98