Non-Mendelian Genetics

Mendelian Genetics:
Dominant & Recessive Review
 One allele is DOMINANT over the other
(because the dominant allele can “mask” the
recessive allele)

genotype: PP genotype: pp genotype: Pp

phenotype: purple phenotype: white phenotype: purple
 Review Problem:
Dominant & Recessive
 In pea plants, purple flowers (P) are dominant over
white flowers (p). Show the cross between two
heterozygous plants.
GENOTYPES: P p
- PP (25%)
Pp (50%) P PP Pp
pp (25%)
- ratio 1:2:1
p Pp pp
PHENOTYPES:
- purple (75%)
white (25%)
- ratio 3:1
 Non-Mendelian Genetics

Incomplete Dominance
Codominance
Multiple Alleles
Polygenic Traits
Sex-Linked Traits
Incomplete Dominance
 a third (new) phenotype
appears in the heterozygous
condition as a BLEND of the
dominant and recessive
phenotypes. Ex - Dominant Red (R) + Recessive White
(r) = Hybrid Pink (Rr)

RR = red rr = white Rr = pink

 Problem:
Incomplete Dominance
 Show the cross between a pink and a white flower.

GENOTYPES: R r
- RR (0%)
Rr (50%) r
rr (50%)
Rr rr
- ratio 1:1
r Rr rr
PHENOTYPES:
- pink (50%); white (50%)
- ratio 1:1
 Incomplete Dominance
• F1 hybrids have an appearance somewhat
in between the phenotypes of the two
parental varieties.
• Example: pea (flower)
• red (RR) x white (rr) r r

• RR = red flowerR
• rr = white flower
R
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Incomplete Dominance

r r

R Rr Rr produces the
F1 generation
R Rr Rr All Rr = pink
(heterozygous pink)
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Incomplete Dominance

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 Codominance
 in the heterozygous condition, both alleles are expressed equally with NO blending!
Represented by using two DIFFERENT capital letters.
 Example: Dominant Black (B) + Dominant White (W) = Speckled Black and White
Phenotype (BW)

 Sickle Cell Anemia -

NN = SS = sickle cells NS = some of

normal cells each
 Codominance Example:
Speckled Chickens
BB = black feathers
WW = white feathers
BW = black & white speckled feathers

Notice –
NO GRAY!
NO BLEND!
Each feather is
either black or white
Codominance Example:
Rhodedendron
 R = allele for red flowers
 W = allele for white flowers
 Cross a homozygous red flower
with a homozygous white flower.
 Codominance Example:
Roan cattle
cattle can be
red
(RR – all red hairs)
white
(WW – all white hairs)
roan
(RW – red and white hairs together)
 Codominance Example:
Appaloosa horses
 Gray horses (GG) are codominant to white horses
(WW). The heterozygous horse (GW) is an Appaloosa
(a white horse with gray spots).
 Cross a white horse with an appaloosa horse.

W W

G GW GW

W WW WW
 Problem:
Codominance
Show the cross between an individual with
sickle-cell anemia and another who is a carrier
but not sick.
GENOTYPES: N S
- NS (50%) S
SS (50%) NS SS
- ratio 1:1
PHENOTYPES:
S NS SS
- carrier (50%)
sick (50%)
- ratio 1:1
 Multiple Alleles
there are more than two alleles for a gene.
Ex – blood type consists of two dominant and
one recessive allele
options. Allele A
and B are
dominant over
Allele O (i)
 Multiple Alleles:
Blood Types (A, B, AB, O)
Rules for Blood Types:
A and B are co-dominant (Both show)
AA or IAIA = type A
BB or IBIB = type B
AB or IAIB = type AB
A and B are dominant over O (Regular dom/rec)
AO or IAi = type A
BO or IBi = type B
OO or ii = type O
 Multiple Alleles:
Blood Types (A, B, AB, O)
 Allele Can Can
(antigen) Donate Receive
Possible on RBC Blood Blood
Phenotype Genotype(s) surface To From
IAi
A IAIA A A, AB A, O
IBi
B IBIB B B, AB B, O
A, B,
AB IAIB AB AB AB, O
A, B,
O ii O AB, O O
 Problem:
Multiple Alleles
Show the cross between a mother who has type
O blood and a father who has type AB blood.
GENOTYPES:
- Ai (50%) i i
Bi (50%) A
- ratio 1:1 Ai Ai
PHENOTYPES:
- type A (50%) B Bi Bi
type B (50%)
- ratio 1:1
 Problem:
Multiple Alleles
 Show the cross between a mother who is heterozygous for type
B blood and a father who is heterozygous for type A blood.

GENOTYPES: A i
-AB (25%); Bi (25%);
Ai (25%); ii (25%) B AB Bi
- ratio 1:1:1:1

PHENOTYPES: i Ai ii
-type AB (25%); type B (25%)
type A (25%); type O (25%)
- ratio 1:1:1:1
 Sex-Linked Traits
Gene is attached to
the X chromosome
only, not found on
the Y chromosome
at all. (women have
XX, men have XY
chromosomes).
These disorders are
more common in
boys.
examples: red-green
colorblindness
Sex-Linked Traits
in males, there is
no second X
chromosome to
“mask” a recessive
gene. If they get an
X with the disorder,
they have it. Girls
must inherit
defective X’s from
both parents.
Sex-Linked Traits
A: 29, B: 45, C: --, D: 26
 Normal vision

A: 70, B: --, C: 5, D: --
 Red-green color blind

A: 70, B: --, C: 5, D: 6
 Red color blind

A: 70, B: --, C: 5, D: 2
 Green color blind
 Sex-linked Traits
Traits (genes) located on the sex
chromosomes
Sex chromosomes are X and Y
XX genotype for females
XY genotype for males
Many sex-linked traits carried on X
chromosome
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 Sex-linked Traits
Example: Eye color in fruit flies
Sex Chromosomes

fruit fly
eye color

XX chromosome - female XY chromosome - male

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 Sex-linked Trait Problem
Example: Eye color in fruit flies
(red-eyed male) x (white-eyed female)
XRY x XrXr
Remember: the Y chromosome in males does
not carry traits.
RR = red eyed Xr Xr
Rr = red eyed
rr = white eyed XR
XY = male
XX = female
Y

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Sex-linked Trait Solution:

Xr Xr
50% red eyed
XR X X X X
R r R r
female
50% white eyed
Y Xr Y Xr Y male

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Female Carriers

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ACTIVITY
4 and 5
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• Males have 44 body chromosomes and two
sex chromosomes X and Y. The males
determine the sex of their children.
Females have 44 body chromosomes and
two sex chromosomes, both X. The total
number in each cell of an individual is 46.
These chromosomes contain the genes,
which are the factors of heredity
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