Memory

What is memory ?

Memory
the word "memory" come from the Latin word "memorari," which means
"to be remembered."in psychology memory refers to the mental
processes of acquiring, storing, retaining, and retrieving information.
Memory is one of the main human cognitive process
 Process of memory

Encoding Storage Retrieval

 Process of memory

"Encoding" comes from the

French verb "encoder," which
means "to register" or "to code."

Encoding
 Process of memory

Storage

“Refers to the second stage of the

memory process, where encoded
information is retained over time.”
Process of memory

“Refers to the process of

accessing and bringing back
stored information from long-
term memory.”

Retrieval
 Process of memory

“Refers to the process of

"Encoding" comes from the accessing and bringing back
French verb "encoder," which stored information from long-
means "to register" or "to code." term memory.”

Encoding Storage Retrieval

“Refers to the second stage of the

memory process, where encoded
information is retained over time.”
STRUCTURE OF
MEMORY
 STRUCTURE OF MEMORY

it's about how information is represented, how long it last and how it's organized
model of memory structure proposed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin is
known as the multi-store model or modal model,it’s a foundational theory in
psychology that explains how memory works.
Multi-store model consists :
1-Sensory memory(Working memory )
2-short term memory (STM)
3-Long term memory(LTM)
 1.Sensory memory

it’s the first stage of our memory system, responsible for

holding onto sensory information for a fraction of a second
before it's either forgotten or passed on for further
processing
It allows us to :
- Filter out irrelevant information
- Prepare for action
Types of Sensory Memory:

Iconic memory: visual echo, holding for about 250 milliseconds

Echoic memory: audio , holding for up to 4 seconds
Haptic memory: touch, holding onto sensations for about 250 milliseconds
Olfactory memory(Smell): smell, holding onto scents for about 8 seconds.
Gustatory memory(taste):around 10-30 seconds.

s
2.Short term memory(STM)
It's like a mental notepad, holding onto information for a brief period before it
dissipates .

Unlike sensory memory STM is not an accurate replica of the environment ,they
contain bi-products of the perceptual analysis .
It is very important in thinking ,reading, speaking and problem-solving since it can be
easily accessed .
Characteristics of STM :
-Its Active : information remains in STM only so long as the person is consciously processing,
examining, or manipulating it

-Rapid accessibility : Information in STM is readily available for use.

-preserves in sequence : STM usually helps us to maintain the information in sequential manner for
a temporary period of time.

-Limited capacity : according to George Miller magical number that is 7 +or - 2 Miller claims that the
maximum number a person can remember is in the range between the above numbers ,

A technique called Chunking help us add of information into higher order units that can be
remembered as single units. Chunking expands working memory by making large amounts of
information more manageable.

-The real capacity of short-term memory, therefore, is not a few bits of information but a few chunks.
Types of STM memory :

Visual: usually less than a second. This is because visual information decays rapidly after
entering the sensory register.

Auditory: around 2-4 seconds. This is thanks to a process called echoic memory, which briefly
holds onto acoustic information.

Olfactory (Smell): around 10-30 seconds. This is related to the direct link between the olfactory
system and the limbic system, which is involved in emotions and memory.

Gustatory (Taste): around 10-30 seconds. However, taste perception can be easily influenced
by other senses, like smell, which can shorten its memory retention.

Tactile (Touch): about 1-2 seconds.

*but all the above can be prolonged by rehearsal ,otherwise the will be displaced by other
information .
 3.Long term memory (LTM):
It is a memory system that stores important data for a comparatively long
time.
We are able to learn, navigate our surroundings, and develop a sense of
identity and personal history thanks to the enormous amount of information
that is stored in LTM.
Sub-systems of LTM :

1.Declarative /Explicit memory :

-Consciously and deliberately accessing and bringing information to mind, like remembering your
childhood birthday party or recalling the capital of France.

A. Episodic Memory: Stores personal experiences and events, like your graduation ceremony.

B. Semantic Memory: general knowledge and facts, like the periodic table or the meaning of
words.

2.Non-Declarative /Implicit memory :

-its Unconsciously Expressed, It's the "knowing how"or procedural memory .

- perform skills or habits without consciously recalling the learning process, like riding a bike, playing
a piano.
Serial Position Effect :

The three-box model of memory, also known as the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, is a classic theory in
psychology that explains how information flows through our memory system. Imagine your brain as
a series of connected boxes, each with its own function the first
Strengths and Limitations of Serial position effect model:

-its simple and intuitive way to understand memory processes.

-It explains the importance of attention, rehearsal, and encoding for successful memory
storage.

However, the model is criticized for being overly simplistic and linear. Memory is likely a
more dynamic and interconnected process.

*Despite these limitations, the three-box model remains a valuable framework for
understanding the basic concepts of human memory. It provides a foundation for further
research and helps us appreciate the complexities of how we encode, store, and retrieve
information.
According to the serial position effect, your recall accuracy will likely follow a U-shaped pattern:
High recall for items at the beginning (primacy effect): The first few items in the
list are encoded more deeply and receive more attention, leading to better recall.

Lower recall for items in the middle: These items receive less attention
compared to the beginning and end of the list, making them more susceptible to
forgetting.

High recall for items at the end (recency effect): These items are still fresh in
your short-term memory, leading to better recall compared to the middle items.
Factors affecting memory
Factors affecting memory :

1. Ability to retain-depends upon good memory traces left in the brain by past experiences.

2.Good health

3.Age of the learner

4.Maturity

5.Will to remember

6.intelligence

7.Interest

8.Over learning -leads to better memory

9.Speed of learning-the quicker its learned the better its retained

10.Meaningfulness of the material

11.Sleep or rest
Memory
 What is memory ?

Memory
the word "memory" come from the Latin word "memorari," which means
"to be remembered."in psychology memory refers to the mental
processes of acquiring, storing, retaining, and retrieving information.
Memory is one of the main human cognitive process
 Process of memory

Encoding Storage Retrieval

 Process of memory

"Encoding" comes from the

French verb "encoder," which
means "to register" or "to code."

Encoding
 Process of memory

Storage

“Refers to the second stage of the

memory process, where encoded
information is retained over time.”
Process of memory

“Refers to the process of

accessing and bringing back
stored information from long-
term memory.”

Retrieval
 Process of memory

“Refers to the process of

"Encoding" comes from the accessing and bringing back
French verb "encoder," which stored information from long-
means "to register" or "to code." term memory.”

Encoding Storage Retrieval

“Refers to the second stage of the

memory process, where encoded
information is retained over time.”
STRUCTURE OF
MEMORY
 STRUCTURE OF MEMORY

it's about how information is represented, how long it last and how it's organized
model of memory structure proposed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin is
known as the multi-store model or modal model,it’s a foundational theory in
psychology that explains how memory works.
Multi-store model consists :
1-Sensory memory(Working memory )
2-short term memory (STM)
3-Long term memory(LTM)
 1.Sensory memory

it’s the first stage of our memory system, responsible for

holding onto sensory information for a fraction of a second
before it's either forgotten or passed on for further
processing
It allows us to :
- Filter out irrelevant information
- Prepare for action
Types of Sensory Memory:

Iconic memory: visual echo, holding for about 250 milliseconds

Echoic memory: audio , holding for up to 4 seconds
Haptic memory: touch, holding onto sensations for about 250 milliseconds
Olfactory memory(Smell): smell, holding onto scents for about 8 seconds.
Gustatory memory(taste):around 10-30 seconds.

s
2.Short term memory(STM)
It's like a mental notepad, holding onto information for a brief period before it
dissipates .

Unlike sensory memory STM is not an accurate replica of the environment ,they
contain bi-products of the perceptual analysis .
It is very important in thinking ,reading, speaking and problem-solving since it can be
easily accessed .
Characteristics of STM :
-Its Active : information remains in STM only so long as the person is consciously processing,
examining, or manipulating it

-Rapid accessibility : Information in STM is readily available for use.

-preserves in sequence : STM usually helps us to maintain the information in sequential manner for
a temporary period of time.

-Limited capacity : according to George Miller magical number that is 7 +or - 2 Miller claims that the
maximum number a person can remember is in the range between the above numbers ,

A technique called Chunking help us add of information into higher order units that can be
remembered as single units. Chunking expands working memory by making large amounts of
information more manageable.

-The real capacity of short-term memory, therefore, is not a few bits of information but a few chunks.
Types of STM memory :

Visual: usually less than a second. This is because visual information decays rapidly after
entering the sensory register.

Auditory: around 2-4 seconds. This is thanks to a process called echoic memory, which briefly
holds onto acoustic information.

Olfactory (Smell): around 10-30 seconds. This is related to the direct link between the olfactory
system and the limbic system, which is involved in emotions and memory.

Gustatory (Taste): around 10-30 seconds. However, taste perception can be easily influenced
by other senses, like smell, which can shorten its memory retention.

Tactile (Touch): about 1-2 seconds.

*but all the above can be prolonged by rehearsal ,otherwise the will be displaced by other
information .
 3.Long term memory (LTM):
It is a memory system that stores important data for a comparatively long
time.
We are able to learn, navigate our surroundings, and develop a sense of
identity and personal history thanks to the enormous amount of information
that is stored in LTM.
Sub-systems of LTM :

1.Declarative /Explicit memory :

-Consciously and deliberately accessing and bringing information to mind, like remembering your
childhood birthday party or recalling the capital of France.

A. Episodic Memory: Stores personal experiences and events, like your graduation ceremony.

B. Semantic Memory: general knowledge and facts, like the periodic table or the meaning of
words.

2.Non-Declarative /Implicit memory :

-its Unconsciously Expressed, It's the "knowing how"or procedural memory .

- perform skills or habits without consciously recalling the learning process, like riding a bike, playing
a piano.
Serial Position Effect :

The three-box model of memory, also known as the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, is a classic theory in
psychology that explains how information flows through our memory system. Imagine your brain as
a series of connected boxes, each with its own function the first
Strengths and Limitations of Serial position effect model:

-its simple and intuitive way to understand memory processes.

-It explains the importance of attention, rehearsal, and encoding for successful memory
storage.

However, the model is criticized for being overly simplistic and linear. Memory is likely a
more dynamic and interconnected process.

*Despite these limitations, the three-box model remains a valuable framework for
understanding the basic concepts of human memory. It provides a foundation for further
research and helps us appreciate the complexities of how we encode, store, and retrieve
information.
According to the serial position effect, your recall accuracy will likely follow a U-shaped pattern:
High recall for items at the beginning (primacy effect): The first few items in the
list are encoded more deeply and receive more attention, leading to better recall.

Lower recall for items in the middle: These items receive less attention
compared to the beginning and end of the list, making them more susceptible to
forgetting.

High recall for items at the end (recency effect): These items are still fresh in
your short-term memory, leading to better recall compared to the middle items.
Factors affecting memory
Factors affecting memory :

1. Ability to retain-depends upon good memory traces left in the brain by past experiences.

2.Good health

3.Age of the learner

4.Maturity

5.Will to remember

6.intelligence

7.Interest

8.Over learning -leads to better memory

9.Speed of learning-the quicker its learned the better its retained

10.Meaningfulness of the material

11.Sleep or rest