DRILL STRING
Drillstring Design
•Introduction
•Drill Pipe Selection
•BHA Selection
•Standard BHA Configurations
•Non Standard BHA Equipment
•Drilling Jars
•Shock Subs
•Drillstring Design Criteria
•Dogleg Severity
•Drillstring Vibration And Harmonics
•Further Design Examples
The drill string is the mechanical linkage
connecting the drillbit at the bottom of the hole to
the rotary drive system on the surface. The
drillstring serves the following functions:
1. transmits rotation to the drillbit
2. exerts weight on the bit; the compressive force
necessary to break the rock
3. guides and controls the trajectory of the bit; and
4. allows fluid circulation which is required for
cooling the bit and for cleaning the
hole.
The components of the drillstring are:
1. Drillpipe
2. Drillcollars
3. Accessories including:
• Heavy-walled drillpipe (HWDP)
• Stabilisers
• Reamers
• Directional control equipment
KELLY/TOP DRIVE
Strictly speaking the Kelly or top drive are not
components of
the drill string.
The Kelly is the rotating link between the rotary table
and the
drill string. Its main functions are:
• transmits rotation and weight-on-bit to the drillbit
• Supports the weight of the drillstring
• connects the swivel to the uppermost length of
drillpipe; and
• conveys the drilling fluid from the swivel into the
drill string.
DRILL PIPE GRADE
The grade of drill pipe describes the minimum yield
strength of the pipe,
defines five grades: D,E, X,G and S. However, in oilwell
drilling, only grades E,G and S are actually used. In most
drillstring designs, the pipe grade is increased if extra
strength is required
The API has established guidelines for pipe classification in
API RP7G. A summary of the
classes follows.
New:No wear, has never been used.
Premium:Uniform wear and a minimum wall thickness of
80% of new pipe.
Class 2: Drill pipe with a minimum wall thickness of 65%
with all the wear on one
side so long as the cross sectional area is the same as the
premium class.
Class 3: Drill pipe with a minimum wall thickness of 55%
with all the wear on one
side.
DRILL COLLAR SELECTION
Drill collars are the predominant component of the
bottom hoe assembly (BHA). Both slick and spiral drill
collars are used. In areas where differential sticking is a
possibility spiral drill collars and spiral heavy-walled
drillpipe (HWDP) should be used in order to minimise
contact area with the formation.
HEAVY-WALLED DRILLPIPE (HWDP)
The HWDP has the same OD as a standard drillpipe but with
much reduced inside diameter (usually 3") and has an extra
tool joint, Figure 10.11; figure a is a standard HWDP and
figure b is a spiral type. HWDP is used between standard
drillpipe and drillcollars to provide a smooth transition
between the section moduli of the drillstring components.
HWDP can be distinguished from standard drillpipe by an
integral wear centre wear pad which acts as a stabiliser
thereby
increasing the overall stiffness of the drillstring. In
directional
and horizontal wells, HWDP is used to provide part or all of
the weight on bit while drilling.
STABILISERS
Stabilisers are tools placed above the drill bit and along the
bottom hole assembly (BHA) to control hole deviation,
dogleg
severity and prevent differential sticking. They achieve these
functions by centralising and providing extra stiffness to the
BHA.Improved bit performance is another beneficiary of
good
stabilisation.
There are basically two type of stabilisers:
• Rotating stabilisers
• Non-rotating stabilisers
Rotating stabilisers
include: integral blade
stabiliser, sleeve
stabiliser and welded
blade stabiliser.
BHA DESIGN
The Fulcrum Principle
An assembly with a full gauge near-bit stabilizer, followed
by 40 to 120 feet of drill collars, before the first string
stabilizer, or no string stabilizer at
all, will build angle when weight-on bit is applied.
The Pendulum Principle
This was the first directional control principle to be
formulated and was originally analyzed for slick assemblies
drilling straight holes. We shall concentrate on pendulum
assemblies used in deviated wells.
The Stabilization (Packed Hole) Principle
This principle states that if there are three stabilizers in quick
succession behind the bit separated by short, stiff drill collar sections,
then the three stabilizers will resist going around a curve and force the
bit to drill a reasonably straight path. The first of the three stabilizers
should be immediately behind the bit (a near-bit stabilizer) and should
be full gauge
Jars provide a means of supplying powerful
upward or downward blows to the stuck
drillstring
The criteria used in a drill string
design are:
1. Collapse/ Bursting
2. Tension
3. Dogleg Severity Analysis
4. Torsion
Example 10.5: Drill Pipe Design Using Pressure-Area
Method
Well Data
Hole size =12¼"
Bit Depth =11,000 ft
Collar length =500 ft
Drill Pipe =5"OD 4.276" ID (Available Grade X-95)
Drill Collars =8"OD 3.0" ID
Overpull =100,000 lbs
Mud Weight =11.5 ppg
DST packer depth =10,700 ft
Length of Slips =16"
Maximum anticipated surface pressure = 5000 psi
Design Factors:
Tension = 1.3 - 1.6
Collapse = 1.0
Burst = 1.1
Solution
A graphical method will be used to select drillpipe
grade/weight, similar to the method used
for casing selection.
1. Construct the collapse load line by calculating the
maximum collapse pressure at the
bottom of the drill pipe.
Collapse load at 10,700 ft = 0.052 x 10,700 ft x 11.5 ppg =
6399 psi.
The design factor for collapse is 1.0. The design load is the
calculated load multiplied by the
design factor.In this case the design load is also 6399 psi.
ii. Calculate the buoyancy force (BF2) acting at the top of the drillcollars.
BF2= (P x A)
=(0.052 x 10,500 ft x 11.5 ppg)x [π/4 (82 - 52) + π/4 (4.2762 -32)]
=(6,279 psi) x (30.631 + 7.292 sq. in) = + 238,119 lb
iii. Calculate the drill collar weight
DC Weight= 150 lb/ft x 500 ft =+ 75,000 lbs
iv. Calculate the drill pipe weight
DP Weight =19.5 lb/ft x 10,500 ft =+ 204,750 lb
v. Calculate the shock load
Shock load = 1500 x pipe weight per foot
(Note 1500 was used to represent slow running speeds. The reader can repeat the
calculations with 3200 Wn as an exercise)
= 1500x 19.5 lb/ft
= 29,250 lb
vi. Now calculate the total dynamic load at surface
Total dynamic load = - 284,149 (BF1) + 238,119 (BF2) + 75,000 (drillcollar weight) +
204,750 (drill pipe weight) + 29,250 (shock load)
Total dynamic surface load =+ 262,970 lbs
Note: static load at surface = 233,720 lb ie without shock load
Static load at top of drillcollars(at 10,500 ft)= -284,149 + 75,000(DC weight in air) = -
209,149 lb
Static load at bottom of drillpipe = 238,119 (BF2)+ (-209,149) = 28,970 lb
Dynamic load at bottom of drillpipe = 28,970 + 29,250 = + 58,220 lb
Plot the static and dynamic load as shown in Figure 10.18.
5. Calculate the design line for the tension load by multiplying the load on the drill pipe at
surface and at the top of the collars by the 1.3 design factor (since shock loads have been
included) and plot as in Figure 10.18.
6. Calculate the design line for the MOP by adding the 100,000 lb overpull factor to the
static tension load values calculated earlier and plot as in Figure 10.19.
7. Calculate the design line for slip crushing using Equation (10.20):
K = (1/tan (y + z))
y = 9.4625 degrees
z =Arctan μ = arctan 0.08 = 0.0798
Ls =Length of slips, usually 12-16 in
K==4
SH/ST= = 1.42
TL = static tension at surface = 233,720 lb
Therefore at the top of the well where the static tension load (i.e. excluding drag) is 233,720
lb, the slip crushing load:
TS=TL (SH/ST)
=233,720 X 1.42
=331,882 lb
The slip crushing value is then recalculated at the bottom of drillpipe (28,970 x 1.42) and
the
slip crushing design line plotted through the two points as shown in Figure 10.19.
TEKNIK PEMBORAN
HOLE PROBLEM
Hole Problems
•Identification of Hole Problems
•Differential Sticking
•Freeing Differentially Stuck Pipe
•Mechanical Sticking
•Other Hole Problems
•Free Point Determination And Back-Off Operations
•Fishing Operations
•Lost Circulation
1.1 PIPE STICKING
CAUSES OF DIFFERENTIAL STICKING
There are basically two ways in
which a differentially stuck pipe can
be released:
• reduction of hydrostatic pressure
• spotting pipe release agents
CAUSES OF MECHANICAL STICKING
Hole pack off (bridging) can be caused by any one or a combination of
the following
processes:
1. Settled cuttings due to inadequate hole cleaning
2. Shale instability
3. Unconsolidated formations
4. Fractured and faulted formations
5. Cement blocks
6. Junk falling in the well
The formation & BHA (wellbore geometry) can also cause mechanical
sticking as follows:
1. Key seating
2. Mobile formations
3. Undergauge hole
4. Ledges and micro doglegs
FISHING ECONOMICS
Before giving up on a fishing job the cost of sidetracking operations together with re-
drilling
to the original depth needs to be calculated. This cost when converted to equivalent rig day
rate days can be used to assess the amount of time that it is economic to pursue fishing
operations. The procedure is as follows:
a. Calculate the total cost of the fish to be left in hole.
b. Calculate the cost of backing-off and setting of a cement plug prior to sidetracking. This
should include all rental and consumable items, including personnel.
c. Calculate the cost of the sidetrack including directional equipment and casing milling
equipment (if applicable).
d. Calculate the cost of drilling to the original depth. This should be based on the time to
drill
the original section plus an additional 10% to account for the directional aspects.
Total cost is therefore = a + b + c + d.
This should be converted to rig days by dividing the total cost by the rig day rate.
Abandonment of fishing operations should be considered when the fishing time has
reached
½ the above number of days, and the probability of completing the fishing operation is
gradually becoming small.
