CLAUSIUS MOSSOTTI
EQUATION,
FERROELECTRIC,
PYROELECTRIC AND PIEZO
ELECTRIC MATERIALS AND
THEIR APPLICATIONS
CLAUSIUS MOSSOTTI EQUATION
The Clausius–Mossotti relation expresses the dielectric
constant (relative permittivity, εr) of a material in terms of
the atomic polarizability, α, of the material's constituent
atoms and/or molecules, or a homogeneous mixture
thereof. It is named after Ottaviano-Fabrizio
Mossotti and Rudolf Clausius. It is equivalent to
the Lorentz–Lorenz equation. It may be expressed as
FERRO-ELECTRIC MATERIALS
Ferroelectric materials can be defined as dielectric
materials in which polarization remains
permanently, even after removing the applied
electric field. Moreover, the direction of the dipole
moment can be switched by applying electric field.
When induced polarization is linearly proportional
to the applied external electric field, it is
called dielectric polarization and the materials that
exhibit this behavior are called dielectrics.
In some materials, however, the relationship
between the induced polarization and the external
electric field is nonlinear. Such materials are
termed as paraelectric.
HYSTERESIS
The direction of the polarization in ferroelectric
materials switches when the direction of the
applied alternating electric field is reversed.
However, reversal is often accompanied by some
hysteresis, which leads to the phenomenon of
ferroelectric hysteresis.
CURIE TEMPERATURE
Most ferroelectric materials exhibit a
transition temperature (called Curie point),
where the spontaneous polarization of a
ferroelectric material drops to zero.
The temperature above which certain
materials lose their permanent electric
properties, which can (in most cases) be
replaced by induced magnetism.
Increasing the temperature above the Curie
point causes the ferroelectric material to
transition into a nonferroelectric or
paraelectric phase.
EXAMPLES
Barium Titanate – BaTiO3
Potassium Niobate- KNbO3
Lead Titanate - PbTiO3
Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate - KH2PO4
APPLICATIONS OF
FERROELECTRIC MATERIALS
Ferroelectric materials have been
proposed to be applied as displays, light
deflectors, and other electro-optical
devices because of their electro-optic
properties.
Ferroelectric materials with their two
stable remanent polarization states are
ideally suited for low write-power
nonvolatile memories.
PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS
Ferroelectric materials always exhibit
piezoelectric property.
It a mechanical response of a crystal to an
electric field.
Or electric response to mechanical stress.
WORKING
Piezoelectric materials are materials that
have the ability to generate internal
electrical charge from applied mechanical
stress.
The term piezois Greek for "push.“
Materials that exhibit the piezoelectric
effect also demonstrate the inverse
piezoelectric effect (also called the reverse
or converse piezoelectric effect). The
inverse piezoelectric effectis the internal
generation of mechanical strain in response
to an applied electrical field.
MECHANISM
As mentioned above, piezoelectricity is the
property of a substance to generate electricity
if a stress such as squeezing, bending or
twisting is applied to it.
When placed under stress, the piezoelectric
crystal produces a polarization, P,
proportional to the stress that produced it.
The main equation of piezoelectricity is
P=d×stress
where dis the piezoelectric coefficient, a
factor unique to each type of piezoelectric
material.
Small displacements of ions in the crystal
lattice create the polarization observed in
piezoelectricity. This only occurs in crystals
that do not have a center of symmetry.
The piezoelectric coefficient for quartz is
3 × 10-12. The piezoelectric coefficient for
lead zirconate titanate (PZT) is 3 × 10-10.
NATURALLY OCCURRING CRYSTALS:
Quartz. A stable crystal used in watch
crystals and frequency reference crystals for
radio transmitters.
Sucrose (table sugar)
Rochelle salt. Produces a large voltage with
compression; used in early crystal
microphones.
Topaz
Tourmaline
Berlinite (AlPO4). A rare phosphate mineral
structurally identical to quartz.
MAN-MADE CRYSTALS:
Gallium orthophosphate (GaPO4), a quartz
analog.
Langasite (La3Ga5SiO14), a quartz analog.
PIEZOELECTRIC CERAMICS
Barium titanate (BaTiO3). The first
piezoelectric ceramic discovered.
Lead titanate (PbTiO3)
Lead zirconate titanate (PZT). Currently the
most commonly used piezoelectric ceramic.
Potassium niobate (KNbO3)
Lithium niobate (LiNbO3)
Lithium tantalate (LiTaO3)
Sodium tungstate (Na2WO4)
LEAD-FREE PIEZOCERAMICS:
The following materials were developed in
response to concerns about harmful
environmental exposure to lead.
Sodium potassium niobate (NaKNb). This
material has properties similar to PZT.
Bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3)
Sodium niobate (NaNbO3)
BIOLOGICAL PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS:
Tendon
Wood
Silk
Enamel
Dentin
Collagen
PIEZOELECTRIC POLYMERS:
Piezopolymers are lightweight and small in
size, thus growing in popularity for
technological application.
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) demonstrates
piezoelectricity that is several times larger
than quartz. It is often used in the medical
field such as in medical suturing and medical
textiles.
APPLICATIONS OF PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS
Manufacturing
Medical devices
Telecommunications
Automotive
Information technology (IT)
HIGH-VOLTAGE POWER SOURCES:
Electric cigarette lighters. When you press
the button on a lighter, the button causes a
small spring-loaded hammer to hit a
piezoelectric crystal, producing a high-
voltage current that flows across a gap to
heat and ignite the gas.
Gas grills or stoves and gas burners. These
work similarly to the lighter, but on a larger
scale.
Piezoelectric transformer. This is used as an
AC voltage multiplier in cold cathode
fluorescent lamps.
PIEZOELECTRIC SENSORS
Ultrasound transducers are used in routine
medical imaging. A transduceris a
piezoelectric device that acts as both a
sensor and an actuator. Ultrasound
transducerscontain a piezoelectric element
that converts an electrical signal into
mechanical vibration (transmit mode or
actuator component) and mechanical
vibration into electric signal (receive mode
or sensor component).
PYROELECTRIC MATERIALS
In a pyroelectric material a change in
temperature, ΔT, changes the strength of
dipoles by causing shifts in atomic positions
or molecular conformation.
It has been found that bound surface
charges are reduced when temperature
raises leading to reduction of Ps due to
thermal vibrations.
Pyroelectric materials can be used for
thermal to electric energy conversion.
MECHANISM
Pyroelectricity (from the two Greek words pyr meaning fire,
and electricity) is a property of certain crystals which are
naturally electrically polarized and as a result contain large
electric fields.
Pyroelectricity can be described as the ability of certain
materials to generate a temporary voltage when they are heated
or cooled.
The change in temperature modifies the positions of the atoms
slightly within the crystal structure, such that the polarization of
the material changes.
This polarization change gives rise to a voltage across the
crystal. If the temperature stays constant at its new value, the
pyroelectric voltage gradually disappears due to leakage
current.
The leakage can be due to electrons moving through the crystal,
ions moving through the air, or current leaking through
a voltmeter attached across the crystal.
APPLICATION
Heat sensors
Very small changes in temperature can
produce a pyroelectric potential. Passive
infrared sensors are often designed around
pyroelectric materials, as the heat of a
human or animal from several feet away is
enough to generate a voltage
APPLICATION
Power generation
A pyroelectric can be repeatedly heated and
cooled (analogously to a heat engine) to
generate usable electrical power.
Nuclear fusion
Pyroelectric materials have been used to
generate large electric fields necessary to
steer deuterium ions in a nuclear
fusion process. This is known as pyroelectric
fusion.
