DYE PENETRANT TESTING

SLMT ERNAKULAM.
 Difference between
Visible Dye Penetrant Fluorescent Dye Penetrant
 Visible dye  Invisible dye
 Direct Visibility – The  Indirect Visibility – The
penetrant drawn out of the fluorescent light emitted by
discontinuity is visible to the the penetrant is visible not
naked eye . the penetrant .
 Less sensitive as very fine  Sensitivity is high as the
indications are easily missed Fluorescent light emitted by
during inspection . the penetrant is seen not the
 No special background penetrant directly.
required for inspection .  Needs a dark environment for
inspection
 DYE PENETRANT TESTING

Dye penetrant testing or Liquid penetrant testing can be

defined as a physical chemical nondestructive testing
procedure designed to detect and expose surface
discontinuities in nonporous materials.

 It can also be defined as

“A nondestructive testing method used to find discontinuities

open to the surface in nonferrous and nonporous materials”
 Applications of peneterant testing

 Grinding cracks
 Heat affect zone cracks
 Poor weld penetration
 Heat treatment cracks
 Fatigue cracks
 Hydrogen cracks
 Inclusions
 Laminations
 Micro shrinkage
 Gas porosity
 Hot tears
 Cold shuts
 Stress corrosion cracks
 Intergranular corrosion
Pre-cleaning methods in D P T

Solvent cleaning

Acid/Alkali cleaning

Vapour degreasing

Mechanical cleaning
PRE CLEANING
The test surface is cleaned to remove any dirt, paint, oil,
grease or any loose scale that could either keep penetrant
out of a defect, or cause irrelevant or false indications.
Cleaning methods may include solvents, alkaline
cleaning steps, vapor degreasing, or media blasting. The
end goal of this step is a clean surface where any defects
present are open to the surface, dry, and free of
contamination. Note that if media blasting is used, it
may "work over" small discontinuities in the part, and an
etching bath is recommended as a post-bath treatment.
PRECLEANING METHODS

SOLVENT CLEANING
DETERGENT CLEANING
ULTRASONIC CLEANING
MECHANICAL METHODS
MECHANICAL METHODS

WIRE BRUSHING
STEAM CLEANING
VAPOUR DEGREASING
SAND BLASTING
SHOT BLASTING
1. 2. Application of Penetrant:

The penetrant is then applied to the surface of the

item being tested. The penetrant is allowed time to
soak into any flaws (generally 5 to 30 minutes)is called
dwell time. The dwell time mainly depends upon the
penetrant being used, material being testing and the
size of flaws sought. As expected, smaller flaws require
a longer penetration time. Due to their incompatible
nature one must be careful not to apply solvent-based
penetrant to a surface which is to be inspected with a
water-washable penetrant.
Penetrant materials come in two basic types. These types are listed below:
•Type 1 - Fluorescent Penetrants
•Type 2 - Visible Penetrants

Penetrants are then classified by the method used to remove the excess penetrant
from the part. The four methods are listed below:
•Method A - Water Washable
•Method B - Post-Emulsifiable, Lipophilic
•Method C - Solvent Removable
•Method D - Post-Emulsifiable, Hydrophilic

Penetrants are then classified based on the strength or detectability of the indication
that is produced for a number of very small and tight fatigue cracks. The five sensitivity
levels are shown below:
•Level ½ - Ultra Low Sensitivity
•Level 1 - Low Sensitivity
•Level 2 - Medium Sensitivity
•Level 3 - High Sensitivity
•Level 4 - Ultra-High Sensitivity
4. Application of Developer:

After excess penetrant has been removed a white developer is applied to the
sample. Several developer types are available, including:
non-aqueous wet developer, dry powder, water suspendable, and water
soluble. Choice of developer is governed by penetrant compatibility (one
can't use water-soluble or suspendable developer with water-washable
penetrant), and by inspection conditions. When using non-aqueous wet
developer (NAWD) or dry powder, the sample must be dried prior to
application, while soluble and suspendable developers are applied with the
part still wet from the previous step. NAWD is commercially available in
aerosol spray cans, and may employ acetone, isopropyl alcohol, or a
propellant that is a combination of the two. Developer should form a semi-
transparent, even coating on the surface.
The developer draws penetrant from defects out onto the surface to form a
visible indication, commonly known as bleed-out. Any areas that bleed-out
can indicate the location, orientation and possible types of defects on the
surface. Interpreting the results and characterizing defects from the
indications found may require some training and/or experience [the
indication size is not the actual size of the defect]
Developers

The role of the developer is to pull the trapped penetrant material out of defects
and spread it out on the surface of the part so it can be seen by an inspector.

Form a - Dry Powder

Form b - Water Soluble
Form c - Water Suspendable
Form d - Nonaqueous Type 1 Fluorescent (Solvent Based)
Form e - Nonaqueous Type 2 Visible Dye (Solvent Based)
Form f - Special Applications
 STEPS INVOLVED IN
DYE PENETRANT INSPECTION

1, PREPARE SURFACE

2, APPLY PENETRANT

3, REMOVE EXTRA PENETRANT FROM SURFACE

4, Apply DEVELOPER

5, INSPECTION

6, POST CLEANING

Ranking Developer Form Method of Application
1 Nonaqueous, Wet Solvent Spray
2 Plastic Film Spray
3 Water-Soluble Spray
4 Water-Suspendable Spray
5 Water-Soluble Immersion
6 Water-Suspendable Immersion
7 Dry Dust Cloud (Electrostatic)
8 Dry Fluidized Bed
9 Dry Dust Cloud (Air Agitation)
10 Dry Immersion (Dip)
 •types.
Developer Advantages Disadvantages
Does not form contrast background so cannot be
Indications tend to remain brighter and more
used with visible systems
Dry distinct over time
Difficult to assure entire part surface has been
Easily to apply
coated
Ease of coating entire part Coating is translucent and provides poor contrast
(not recommended for visual systems)
Soluble White coating for good contrast can be produced
which work well for both visible and fluorescent Indications for water washable systems are dim
systems and blurred
Ease of coating entire part

Indications are bright and sharp

Indications weaken and become diffused after
Suspendable
White coating for good contrast can be produced time
which work well for both visible and fluorescent
systems
Very portable

Easy to apply to readily accessible surfaces

White coating for good contrast can be produced Difficult to apply evenly to all surfaces
Nonaqueous which work well for both visible and fluorescent
systems More difficult to clean part after inspection

Indications show-up rapidly and are well defined

Provides highest sensitivity

5. Inspection:

The inspector will use visible light with adequate intensity (100
foot-candles or 1100 lux is typical) for visible dye penetrant. Ultraviolet
(UV-A) radiation of adequate intensity (1,000 micro-watts per centimeter
squared is common), along with low ambient light levels (less than 2 foot-
candles) for fluorescent penetrant examinations. Inspection of the test
surface should take place after a 10 minute development time. This time
delay allows the blotting action to occur. The inspector may observe the
sample for indication formation when using visible dye. It is also good
practice to observe indications as they form because the characteristics of
the bleed out are a significant part of interpretation characterization of
flaws.

6. Post Cleaning:
The test surface is often cleaned after inspection and recording of defects,
especially if post-inspection coating processes are scheduled
 Standard Organizations
ASNT-American society for Non-Destructive Testing
ASTM-American Society For Testing Materials
DIN-German Institute For Standardization
BIS-Bureau Of Indian Standards
ISO-International Organization for Standardization
CEN-European Committee For Standardization
CSA-Canadian Standards Association
SAE-Society of Automotive Engineers
USMS-United State Military Standards
MIL-STD-Military Standards
NAS-National Aerospace Standards
 What is NDT

NDT can be defined as a testing method to determine the quality of the material ,
without destroying the material and without impairing its future usefulness.

Or

Inspection without destruction to find harmful defects

Or

To find a discontinuity in the continuity of the material

 Discontinuities
Definition : The change in the geometry or
composition of an object, it may be intentional or
unintentional.
Such changes inherently affect the physical
properties of the object and may in turn have an
effect on the objects ability to fulfill its intended
use or service life.
Every discontinuity is not a defect but every defect
is a discontinuity.
 What does it mean
“To find a discontinuity in the continuity of the material”

 Specimen below is homogenous & continuous

 Specimen below is not homogenous & not continuous

Drilled hole

Crack
DEFECTS CAN CAUSED DUE TO THE FOLLOWING

IMPROPER COMPOSITION
IMPROPER MANUFACTURIG
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
DURING TRANSPORTATION
DURING LOADING AND UNLOADING
 METHODS OF NDT
 Though there exists a lot of conventional & non conventional methods,
ASNT (American Society for Non-destructive Testing) gives NDT L-III
certification in 11 methods of NDT.

 The NDT L-III is responsible for Certification & Qualification of ASNT

NDT L-I & L-II through practical training , theoretical training &
Examination.

 The NDT methods offered by ASNT are

1, Ultrasonic Testing 6, Eddy current Testing
2, Radiographic Testing 7, Acoustic Emission Testing
3, Visual Testing 8, Infrared/Thermal Testing
4, Magnetic Particle Testing 9, Leak testing
5, Dye - Penetrant Testing 10, Vibration Analysis
CLASSIFICATION OF NDT METHODS
SURFACE NDT METHODS SUB-SURFACE NDT METHODS

NDT methods used to find NDT methods used to find

discontinuities open to surface & discontinuities open to surface &
just beneath surface. inside the material .

. Dye – Penetrant Testing . Ultrasonic Testing

. Magnetic Particle testing . Radiographic Testing
. Visual Testing . Eddy Current Testing
. Acoustic Emission Testing
CAPPILLARY ACTION
PENETRANT SYSTEMS
FLOURESCENT
VISIBLE