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Dislocations & Surface Defects

Dislocations are line defects in crystal lattices that form during solidification or deformation. There are two main types of dislocations - edge and screw. Edge dislocations occur when an extra plane of atoms is inserted, while screw dislocations involve a shear of atoms along the dislocation line. Dislocations can glide or slip along certain crystallographic planes and directions, leading to plastic deformation. Their motion is important for properties like strength and ductility. Other defects like grain boundaries, stacking faults and twins also influence material behavior.

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49 views

Dislocations & Surface Defects

Dislocations are line defects in crystal lattices that form during solidification or deformation. There are two main types of dislocations - edge and screw. Edge dislocations occur when an extra plane of atoms is inserted, while screw dislocations involve a shear of atoms along the dislocation line. Dislocations can glide or slip along certain crystallographic planes and directions, leading to plastic deformation. Their motion is important for properties like strength and ductility. Other defects like grain boundaries, stacking faults and twins also influence material behavior.

Uploaded by

Vishal Meena
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Dislocations

• Dislocations are very important imperfections in real materials.


• Dislocations are line imperfections in otherwise perfect lattices.
• Dislocations are formed during solidification or when the mate-
rial is deformed.
• Dislocations strongly affect the mechanical, electronic and pho-
tonic properties of materials.
• There are two basic types of dislocations – edge and screw.
The perfect crystal in a) is cut and sheared one atom spacing in b)
and c). The line along which the shearing occurs is a screw dislo-
cation. A Burgers vector b is required to close a loop of equal
atom spacings around the screw dislocation.
a) b) c)

The perfect crystal in a) is cut and an extra plane of atoms is inserted


in b). The bottom edge of the extra plane is an edge dislocation in c).
A Burgers vector b is required to close a loop of equal atom spacings
around the edge dislocation.
A mixed dislocation showing a screw dislocation at the front of the
crystal gradually changing to an edge dislocation at the side of the
crystal. Note that the line direction of the dislocation is parallel to
the Burgers vector of the screw dislocation and perpendicular to the
edge dislocation.
When a shear stress is applied to the dislocation in a)
the atoms are displaced, causing the dislocation to move
one Burgers vector in the slip direction b). Continued
movement of the dislocation creates a step c) and the
crystal is deformed. Motion of a caterpillar (or a fold in
a rug) is analogous to the motion of a dislocation.
Note: the slip direction is always in the direction of the
Burgers vector of the dislocation.
Dislocation Slip
• Dislocations move more readily in some crystal planes and di-
rections than in others as we will see.
• The slip direction of an edge dislocation is in the direction of the
Burger’s vector.
• A slip plane is defined by the direction of the Burger’s vector
and the line direction of the dislocation
– The line direction of a screw dislocation is in the same direc-
tion as its Burger’s vector.
– An edge dislocation has its Burger’s vector perpendicular to
the line direction of a dislocation
– A dislocation having a line direction not parallel or perpen-
dicular to the Burger’s vector is considered a mixed disloca-
tion.
Dislocation Slip
• During slip the dislocation moves from one set of surroundings
to another identical set.
• The least amount of energy expenditure requires movement in
directions in which the repeat distance is shortest, i.e., close-
packed directions.
• Slip planes tend to be those planes with a high planar packing,
i.e., close-packed planes.
• Slip reduces strength but increase ductility in materials.
,u
,b

b
b

,R

Schematic of slip line, slip plane and slip vector (Burgers vector) for
a) an edge dislocation and b) a screw dislocation. Note the relation-
ships between the dislocation line (u), slip vector (b) and glide plane
(R) where R = b x u.
u

An edge dislocation
in MgO.
Dislocations in ce-
ramics and semi-
conductors are
complicated by
charges existing at
their core requiring
large energies for
them to glide.
Fracture does not
occur in these
materials by dis-
location glide but
by cracks (sur- If these dislocations can’t glide, why do they
face defects).
exist and how do they move?
Surface Defects
• Surface defects are another type of imperfection in real materials.
• They consist of the boundaries or planes that separate a material
into regions of different crystal structure or orientation.
– The material’s surface is one example
– Grain boundaries are another example of a surface defect.
– Others are stacking faults, twin boundaries and magnetic do-
main boundaries
• As we saw in the electron images of the atoms (lattice images),
grain boundaries are narrow zones where the atoms are not prop-
erly spaced in which tension or compression exists.
• Grain size influences many material properties such as strength
and electrical conductivity.
Grain boundaries showing in a) that the atoms at the boundaries
near the three grains (referred to as a triple point) do not have an
equilibrium spacing and in b) grains in a stainless steel sample.
The angle, q, of a tilt boundary is
made from three dislocations and
can be described by the equation
below.

b
sin     b / 2 D

2D q/2

Note – Grain boundaries are a


two-dimensional array of dislo-
cations.
Low angle grain
boundaries in
Cubic Zirconia
seen using by
TEM
Dickey et. al., Microscopy
and Microanalysis (2000) pg.
120
Planar Defect – Stacking Fault

A stacking fault is shown where atomic column “a” is inter-


faced with atomic column “b”, which resulted from the dislo-
cations found on either end of the stacking fault.
Lattice Image
of a "Stacking
fault" in
GaAs showing
reverse order-
ing of Ga and
As planes.
Note the par-
tial disloca-
tion at the
start of the
fault.
Kisielowski et. al. Mi-
croscopy and Micro-
analysis (2000) pg. 16
A twin boundary, which is a planar defect, is shown where a dis-
placement of atoms by a stress reorients a volume of the crystal,
which is bounded by the twin boundary.
The material Brass, a copper zinc alloy, deforms by the
formation of twins. The twin boundaries are at the inter-
face of the dark and line regions.
Formation of Twins

Gradual reduction
of twin width due
original twin
to emission of dis-
width
locations from
grain boundary

Dislocation mechanism for twin boundary migration (reduc-


tion in width) using dislocations.
Twin boundaries and dislocations recently found in small
LaF3 crystals. LaF3 is a light emitting diode material.
The End

(Any questions or comments?)

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